module 4.1

Question 1

what is a homologous series

Answer 1

a series of organic compounds that have the same functional group with successive members differing by CH2

Question 2

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 2

a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains

Question 3

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 3

a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure

Question 4

what is an aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 4

a hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene ring

Question 5

what is a saturated compound

Answer 5

a compound that only has single bonds

Question 6

what is a functional group

Answer 6

a group of atoms that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound

Question 7

what is general formula

Answer 7

the simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series

Question 8

what is displayed formula

Answer 8

shows the relative positions or atoms and the bonds between them

Question 9

what is structural formula

Answer 9

provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

Question 10

what is skeletal formula

Answer 10

a simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains

Question 11

what is an unsaturated organic chemical

Answer 11

an unsaturated organic chemical contains at least one carbon-carbon double covalent bond

Question 12

what is molecular formula

Answer 12

shows the numbers and type of atoms of each element in a compound

Question 13

what are structural isomers

Answer 13

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 14

what are stereoisomers

Answer 14

organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but having different arrangements of atoms in space

Question 15

what is cis-trans isomerism

Answer 15

a type of E/Z isomerism where two substitute groups on each carbon atom of the c=c bond are the same

Question 16

what is E/Z isomerism

Answer 16

a type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond - two different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the c=c double bond

Question 17

what are reaction mechanisms

Answer 17

models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction

Question 18

what do curly arrows do

Answer 18

model the flow of electron pairs during reaction mechanisms

Question 19

what is homolytic fission

Answer 19

happens when a covalent bond breaks and each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair forming two radicals

Question 20

what is a radical

Answer 20

a species with one or more unpaired electron

Question 21

what is heterolytic fission

Answer 21

happens when one bonding atom revives both electrons from the bonding pair

Question 22

what are alkanes

Answer 22

a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons

Question 23

what is complete combustion

Answer 23

oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air

Question 24

what is incomplete combustion

Answer 24

oxidising a duel in a limited supply of air

Question 25

what are alkenes

Answer 25

a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Question 26

what is an electrophile

Answer 26

an electron-pair acceptor

Question 27

what are monomers

Answer 27

small molecules that are used to make polymers

Question 28

what are polymers

Answer 28

macromolecules made from small repeating units

Question 29

what is a repeating unit

Answer 29

a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure over and over again

Question 30

what is biodegradable material

Answer 30

materials are affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions leading to decomposition

Question 31

what is a bioplastic

Answer 31

a material made from a renewable source that is biodegradable

Question 32

what is a sigma bond

Answer 32

the direct overlap or the electron cloud from each atom

Question 33

what is a pi bond

Answer 33

formed by electrons in the adjacent p-orbitals overlapping above and below the atoms

Question 34

what is markownikoffs rule

Answer 34

the carbocation will be formed in the most stable position where there are the most alkyl groups attached

Question 35

how do you determine priority according to the cahn ingol prelog rule

Answer 35

the group with the biggest ATOMIC number

Question 36

Why does free radical substitution have a low yield (2 resasons)

Answer 36

Can undergo multiple substitutions There are a mixture of products

Question 37

What are the three steps of free radical substitution

Answer 37

Initiation Propagation Termination

Question 38

How do you figure out the propagation steps in radical substitution

Answer 38

Think of the radical being very reactive and WANTING an extra electron, so steals the H Then that new alkyl radical WANTS an extra electron so reacts with the original thing that gets initiated (so that the original radical can be remade)

Question 39

What happens in propagation

Answer 39

The radical is transferred

Question 40

how do you make an alkene from an alkane

Answer 40

cracking

Question 41

why agree electrophiles attracted to double bonds

Answer 41

they are areas of high electron density

Question 42

what conditions for hydrogenation of an alkene what do you get

Answer 42

150°C and nickel catalyst alkane

Question 43

conditions for hydration of an alkene?? what do you get

Answer 43

H3PO4 300°C and 65atm alcohol

Question 44

what state are hydrogen halides at room temp

Answer 44

gases so bubbled through alkenes for reaction

Question 45

what are photodegradable polymers limitation?

Answer 45

can break down chemically using energy with wavelengths similar to light once exposed to light and begins to break down it’s not possible to stop it also photodegradable polymers in landfill may not be exposed to enough light to degrade

Question 46

What types of compounds are aliphatic

Answer 46

Aliphatic and alicyclic (Anything that’s not aromatic)

Question 47

How is a sigma bond formed

Answer 47

Overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

Question 48

Advantage and disadvantage of combustion to get rid of polymer waste

Answer 48

Produces energy which can be used to produce electricity Produces CO2 which causes global warming

Question 49

Two sustainable ways other than recycling to dispose of waste polymers

Answer 49

Combustion for energy production Use as organic feedstock

Question 50

What is organic feedstock

Answer 50

Breaks the polymers into smaller organic molecules that can then be used in other reactions

Question 51

How should you draw a repeat unit of a polymer

Answer 51

Trailing bonds Square brackets around repeat unit Subscript n

Question 52

What is the major product of an electrophilic addition reaction with alkenes

Answer 52

The product with the most stable carbocation intermediate

Question 53

What is PTFE

Answer 53

polymer formed from tetrafluoroethene

Question 54

What toxic gas will be produced when combusting polymers with chlorine in

Answer 54

Heck