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(A-level) Chemistry > Module 4.1 > Flashcards

Module 4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a homologous series

A

Organic chemicals that have the same functional group, and only differ by ch2

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2
Q

What are alipathic hydrocarbonns

A

Hydrocarbon where the carboon atoms are joined in straight unbranched chains or straight branched chains

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3
Q

What are alicyclic hydrocarbons

A

hydrocarbons where the carbon atoms are joined together in a cyclic ring structure

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4
Q

What are aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbons that contain at least one benzene ring

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5
Q

What is a benzene ring

A

6 cyclic unsaturated carbon atoms

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6
Q

What is the formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What are the first 10 prefixes for alkanes / alkenes

A

meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
Oct
non
dec

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8
Q

How do you name alkyl chains

A

prefix + yl

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9
Q

What is an alkyl chain

A

When you remove 1 hydrogen from an alkane

e.g methane = CH4
methyl = CH3

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10
Q

How do you name a substance with an alkyl group

A

Count the longest cahin of carbon atoms
look at which carbon the alkyl group is on, and usse the lowest number

Then write like this

x,y - (alkyl chai) - (hydrocarbon

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11
Q

What is the alcohol functional group

A

OH

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12
Q

What is th aldehyde functional group

A

COH

(The O has a double bond to the C)

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13
Q

What is the carboxylic acid functional group

A

COOH

(one of the O id duble bonded to the carbon)

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14
Q

What is the functional group of a haloalkane

A

Any halide

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15
Q

What is the ketone functional group

A

CO

(C=O)
The carbon atom must be joined to other carbon atoms

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16
Q

How do you name an alcohol

A

Count the length of the carbon chain to find the prefix of the hydrocarbon
Take the lowest number of the carbon that the OH is on
Place the number of the carbon within the name and add ol to the end

(prefix) - x - ol

e.g Propan - 2 - ol

If the Oh is on carbon 1 the number is not needed

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17
Q

How do you name an alkene

A

Count the longest hydrocarbon name
take the smallest number of the double bond
Place the number in the name, and add ene to the end

(prefix) - x - ene

e.g But-2-ene

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18
Q

How do you name a haloalkane

A

Count the longest hydrocarbon name
take the smallest number of the carbon the halide is on

x, y - (halide) - (suffix)

e.g

2,3 - dibromo - decane

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19
Q

How do you name a carboxylic acid

A

Count the longest hydrocarbon name
A carboxyl;ic acid is always at the end

(prefix) - anoic acid

e.g Pentanoic acid

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20
Q

How do you name a ketone

A

Count the longest hydrocarbon name
take the smallest number of the C = O double bond

(prefix) - x - one

e.g propan - 2 -one

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21
Q

How do you name an aldehyde

A

Count the longest hydrocarbon name
Aldehydes area always on the first or last carbon

Prefix + al

e.g Butanal

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22
Q

What is the priority list

A

A lsit that tell you which functional group has priority

aldehide / ketone / carboxylic acid
amine
alcohol
alkene
haloalkane
methyl

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23
Q

How do you determine which number carbon a functional group is on

A

FInd the lowest number of the highest priority functional group
Keeping numbering the other functional groups in the same direction

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24
Q

How do you name an alcohol if there is a functional group with greater priority

A

It is written as a hydroxy prefix

x - hydroxy - (suffix)

e.g
3 - hydroxy - pentanoic acid

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25
What is displayed formula
A formula that shows ALL the bonds between the atoms, and the relative position of the atoms e.g an OH groip in an alcohol has to be written as O-H
26
What is the structural formula
A formula that gives the smallest detail of atoms Repeated units can be written in () alkyl chains are also written in brackets e.g butane CH3(CH2)2CH3
27
What is skeletal formula
A method of drawing a hydrocarbon. Lines are used to indicate alkyl chains, and each end of a line represents a carbon
28
What is molecular formula
All of the atoms in the compund written e,g C6 H12 O6
29
What are structural isomers
THE same molecular formula buut different structural formulas
30
What are the 3 main types of structural isomers
Chain Positional FUnctional grop
31
What is a chain isomer
The same molecular formula but more branched (different branching patterns)
32
What is a positional isomer
The same molecular formula, but the position of the functional group changes Alkyl chains do not move
33
What is a functional group isomer
The same functional group, but different functional group E.g alkenes and cycloalkanes
34
What is a sterioisomer
The same structure but different arrangement in space
35
What is a geometric isomer (E / Z isomerism)
An isomer caused by the restricted rotation around a molecule
36
Why does geometric isomerisation occur
Atoms are unable to roate around athe carbon double bond, as the pi bonds are rigid
37
When is e/z or cis / trans used
cis / trans is used when the substituents on each carbon atom are the same If they are not the same e / z is used
38
What does the e or trans stand for in stereoisomerism
When the higher priority groups are on the opoisye side of the double bond
39
What does the z or cis stand for in stereoisomerism
The higher priority groups are on the same side of the double bond
40
How do you decide which group has higher priority in sterioisomerism
Look at the atomic numbers of the atoms bonded to the carbon. The larger the number, the larger the priority If the first atom is the same, look at the other atoms taht are bound to that atom
41
What is a reaction mechanism
Models that display the movement of electrons in a chemical reaction
42
What is homolytic fission
When a covalent bond is broken, an electron goes to both the bonded atoms It is modelled using a half headed arrow
43
What is heterolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks and only one atom receives both the electrons from the bonding pair It is shown by a regular arrow
44
What are free radicals
Species with an unpaired pair of electrons that are trying to obtain a full octet
45
What is free radical substitution
The process of converting an alkane into a haloalkane using radicals
46
What are the 3 stages of free radical substitution called
Initiation Propagation Termination
47
What happens in initiation of free radical substitution
(2) Free radicals are created by hitting a halogen with UV light (and / or temperatures of 300°C) (Homolytic fission)
48
What happens in propagation of free radical substitution
The product is formed and free radicals are regenerated 1) alkane + free radical → alkane with 1 less hydrogen (free radical) + hydrogen halide 2) Alkane free radical + halogen → product + halogen free radical
49
What happens in termination of free radical substitution
Free radicals react with each other to form a product There are several possible products
50
What is the bond angle of hydrogens around a carbon in alkanes
There are 4 bonds creating an angle of 109.5 The shape is tetrahedral
51
How does boiling and melting point change with alkane chain length
As an alkane chain becomes longer its molecular mass increases. Its surface area increases, so its surface contact with other molecules is greater (so there are more dipole - dipole forces) More energy is required to break more forces, so the temperature required is greater
52
How does an alkane being branched affect its melting / boiling point
The more branched a compound is, the fewer surface area interactions there are between molecules This means there are fewer induced dipole - dipole interactions, so the melting / boiling point is lower
53
How do alkane molecules attract each other
Due to electrons constantly spinning around the molecules, dipoles are induced Induced dipole - dipole interactions (london forces) form between the molecules
54
What is complete combustion
Oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air
55
What is incomplete combustion
Oxidising a fuel in a limited supply of air
56
Why do alkanes have low reactivity
1) The covalent bonds have high bond enthalpy (large energy needed to break them) 2) The C-H (sigma bonds) have low polarity as the electronegativity is similar between C and H
57
What is produced in the complete combustion of an alkane
Carbon dioxide and water are produced
58
What can be produced in incomplete combustion of alkanes
Carbon monoxide and water Or Carbon and water
59
Why do double bonds occur in alkenes
The electron clouds of the carbon atoms overlap forming a sigma bond The π-bond is formed as electrons in adjacent p-orbitals above and bellow the sigma bond overlap Sigma bonds always for first There are two bonds in a double bond, 1π bond and 1sigma
60
Why do π bonds break first in alkenes
They have a high electron density, so are more reactive than the sigma bond
61
Where do π-bonds form in alkenes
Between adjacent p-orbitals, both above and below the sigma bond
62
Why do we call the bonding in alkenes a double bond
As it has a sigma bond and a π bond
63
What is the shape of an alkene around the double bond
It has three areas of electron density -The sigma covalent bonds between carbon atoms and hydrogen - The covalent bonds between the carbon atoms (sigma and π) This makes a trigonal planar shape
64
Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes
As they have a C=C
65
What are electrophiles
Electron pair acceptors
66
What is electrophilic addition (alkenes)
The double bond is an area of intense electronegativity and causes nearby molecules to be polarised (The c=c repels electrons in the approaching molecules) The c=c bond breaks and forms a bond with the partially positive part of the molecule The carbon that does not bond becomes positive The positive carbon attracts the negative molecule
67
What is hydrogenation
A reaction where hydrogen is added to an alkene to make an alkane It requires 150°C and a catalyst such as nickel
68
What is halogenation
Adding a halogen (e.g Br2) to an alkene to produce a dihaloalkane
69
What is hydration (of an alkene)
Reaction where an alcohol is created by adding steam to an alkene Requires high temperature (300°C) and a phosphoric acid catalyst
70
What is addition polymerisation
Converting an alkene into a polymer by breaking the double bonds Place an 'n' before the alkene and after the brackets in the repeating unit
71
What is a repeating unit
A set part of the polymer that is repeated
72
What is a monomer
A small molecule used to make polymers
73
What is a polymer
Macromolecules made from small repeating units
74
How are polymers disposed
Landfill Combustion Reusing Recycling Using them as organic feedstock
75
How are landfills used to dispose of polymer waste
Large holes are dug into the landscape These holes are lined to stop contaminants seeping into the water table The waste is then buried Eventually the conditions become anaerobic which slows decomposition
76
How is combustion used to dispose of polymer waste
- Plastics are many organic so can be burnt, releasing carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) - Some plastics will produce harmful gases like HCl when burnt These can be removed by neutralising them - The chemical energy can be used to drive turbines and generate electricity
77
How is reusing used to dispose of polymer waste
Plastics can be reused for the same function E.g drinks bottles
78
How is recycling used to dispose of polymer waste
Plastics can be separated and cleaned Then melted down and reshaped to make new products The quality of these products could be lower
79
How is polymer waste converted into organic feedstock
Chemical reactions can be used to break polymers down into small organic molecules
80
What is a reagent
A substance added to a reaction to initiate a chemical reaction
81
What is Markowinfoffs rule
When H-X is added to an unsymetrical alkene the hydrogen is attached to the carbon that is bonded to the most hydrogen atoms This makes the intermediate more stable Carbocations with an alkyl group are more stable than those with a Hydrogen
82
What are primary secondary and tertiary carbocations
Primary - carbocation covalently bonded to 1 alkyl chain Secondary - carbocation covalently bonded to 2 alkyl chain Tertiary - carbocation covalently bonded to 2 alkyl chain
83
What is the stability of different carbocations
Primary carbocations are the least stable Tertiary carbocations are the most stable
84
What is one way (with carbocations) you can identify which product is the major, and which is the minor
Major - the least stable cation has the most hydrogens Minor - the least stable cation does not have the most hydrogens
85
What is the benefit of combusting polymers
It produces energy
86
When do alkenes not show any form of E/Z (or cis / trans) isomerism
If the c=c is on the first or last carbon
87
What is the reagent and conditions required in the hydrogenation of alkenes
Nickle catalyst + hydrogen 150°C
88
What are other potential products in free radical substitution
The product may not just be a haloalkane but instead a dihaloalkane or tri (etc...) The free radicals can also react with each other
89
What conditions does the hydration of alkenes require
Steam at 300°C. Concentrated phosphoric acid
90
What is the reagent for electrophillic substitution
A strong acid H3PO4 H2SO4
91
92
How can you tell that a haloalkane has formed after completing electrophillic addition with Br2 (or other halogens)
The solution will change from the colour of the halogen to colourless
93
What colour is bromine in solution
Orange / brown
94
What colour is chlorine in solution
Pale green
95
What colour is iodine in solution
Light orange in solution
96
How can you identify iodine in a solution
It reacts with cyclohexane to form a violet compound

(A-level) Chemistry (9 decks)

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