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Biology > Module 4.3.1 Classification > Flashcards

Module 4.3.1 Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is classification?

A

Arranging organisms into groups based on their similarities and differences

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2
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The study of classification

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3
Q

What are the groups in the taxonomic hierarchy?

A

DOMAIN
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

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4
Q

Example of a domain?

A

Eukarya

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5
Q

Example of a kingdom?

A

Animalia

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6
Q

Example of a phylum?

A

Chordata

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7
Q

Example of a class?

A

Mammalia

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8
Q

Example of an order?

A

Primates

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9
Q

Example of a family?

A

Hominidae

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10
Q

Example of a genus?

A

Homo

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11
Q

Example of a species?

A

Sapiens

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12
Q

What is the naming system for species?

A

Binomial naming system
Internationally accepted Latin name

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13
Q

What is the first part of the binomial system?

A

Genus name
CAPITAL LETTER

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14
Q

What is the second part of the binomial system?

A

Species name
LOWER case

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15
Q

What are binomial names always written in?

A

Italics or UNDERLINED if WRITTEN

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16
Q

What are the five kingdoms?

A

-prokaryotae
-protoctista
-fungi
-plantae
-animalia

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17
Q

Example of prokaryotae?

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

Features of prokaryotae?

A

-prokaryotic
-unicellular
-no nucleus
-less than 5 micro metres

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19
Q

Example of a protoctista?

A

-algae
-Protozoa

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20
Q

Features of protoctista?

A

-Eukaryotic cells
-usually live in water
-single cells or multi-cellular

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21
Q

Examples of fungi?

A

Moulds
Yeast
Mushroom

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22
Q

Features of fungi?

A

-eukaryotic
-chitin cell wall
-saprotrophic
-single or multicellular

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23
Q

What does sapotrophic mean?

A

Absorbs substances from dead or decaying organisms

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24
Q

Examples of plantae?

A

Mosses
Ferns
Flowering plants

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25
Features of plantae?
-eukaryotic -multicellular -cell walls made of cellulose -autotrophic (produce on food) -contain chlorophyll
26
Examples of animalia?
Fish Reptiles Mammals Birds Insects Nematodes
27
Features of animalia?
-Eukaryotic -multicellular -no cell walls -heterotrophic (Consume plants and animals)
28
What is phylogeny?
The study of evolutionary history of groups of organisms
29
What does phylogeny tell us about?
Who’s related to who and how closely they’re related
30
What is a species according to phylogeny ?
The smallest group that shares a common ancestor- The end of the branch on a phylogeny tree
31
What are cladistics?
Classifying organisms and taking into account phylogeny when placing them in groups
32
What evidence for classification do taxonomists look at?
-embryological evidence -fossil evidence -molecular evidence
33
What is molecular evidence for classification ?
-analysing similarities in protein and dna. -more closely related organism will have more similar molecules. -can compare how DNA is stored and its sequence -compare the sequence of amino acids in proteins
34
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria (prokaryotic) Archaea (prokaryotic) Eukarya (eukaryotic)
35
Why were the 3 domains created?
New molecular and cellular evidence
36
What molecular evidence is there for the 3 domains?
-enzyme RNA polymerase is different in bacteria and archaea
37
How is RNA polymerase different in bacteria and archaea?
Archaea but not bacteria have similar histones to Eukarya
38
What is cellular evidence for the 3 domains system?
The bonds of the lipids in the cell membrane of bacteria and archaea are different and so is the development and composition of the flagella
39
How are the membrane lipids different in Eukarya and bacteria ?
ARCHAEA : lipids are unique, branched hydrocarbon chains bonded to glycerol by ether linkages BACTERIA: unbranched hydrocarbon chains bonded by glycerol ester linkages
40
What is the difference in cell walls of Eukarya and bacteria ?
BACTERIA : contain peptidoglycan ARCHAEA: cell walls don’t contain peptidoglycan
41
What are the highest taxonomic rank in the system?
Domains
42
What is variation?
The differences that exists between individuals
43
What is INTRAspecific variation?
Variation WITHIN a species
44
What is INTERspecific variation?
Variation BETWEEN species
45
What is continuous variation m?
When individuals in a population vary within a range -there are no distinct categories
46
What is the biological definition of a species ?
-a group of organisms that can freely interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Does not work for those who reproduce asexually
47
What does cytochrome C prove in classification ?
Heme protein is found in the compartment between inner and outer mitochondria to transfer electrons between respiratory chain. -they are not the same in every organism
48
Examples of continuous variation?
Humans: height Plants: leaf SA Microorganisms: length eg flagellum
49
How is continuous variation data shown?
On a graph and a bell curve is produced
50
What is discontinuous variation?
Variation where there are 2 or more distinct categories -each individual falls into one and there are no intermediates
51
Examples of discontinuous variation?
Animals:blood type Plants: colour Microorganisms: antibiotic resistance
52
How do genetic factors cause variation?
-different species have different genes -same species have same genes but different versions (alleles) -alleles make up genotype -differences in genotypes cause variation in phenotype
53
Examples of variation caused by genetics
Eye colour Blood type Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
54
Environs factors that cause variation?
Climate Food Lifestyle
55
Examples of variation caused by environmental factors?
-accents -Peirced ears
56
Examples of variation caused by both genetic and environmental factors?
Height-> genes and nutrition Flagellum-> genes and growth in certain environments eg metal ions
57
How is discontinuous variation data displayed ?
On a bar chart
58
What does standard deviation tell you?
How much the values in a single sample vary -measure of the spread of values about the men’s
59
What are adaptations ?
-an organism has features that increase its chance of survival and reproduction as-well as its offspring reproducing
60
What are the 3 types of adaptation?
-behavioural -physiological -anatomical
61
What are behavioural adaptations?
Ways an organism acts to increase chance of survival
62
What are physiological adaptations?
Processes inside an organisms body that increase its chance of survival
63
What are anatomical adaptations?
Structural features of an organisms body that increase its chance of survival
64
Examples of behavioural adaptations
-scorpions dance before mating to attract a mate of the same species to increase likelihood of successful mating
65
Example of physiological adaptations
-Poisonous snakes -antibiotic resistance
66
Examples of anatomical adaptations?
Whales have a thick layer of blubber to keep them warm in the cold are increasing its chance of survival in places where they have to hunt food
67
What is convergent evolution?
When 2 species evolve similar characteristics independently form eachother despite being from separate taxonomic groups
68
Steps in evolution?
V=mutation caused variation C=competitoom S=survival I= inheritance R=repeat

Biology (8 decks)

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