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Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution of factors that determine health related states or events in a population, and the use of this information to control health problems

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2
Q

Why does epidemiology matter?

A

-increases understanding of contributing factors to health and disease
-helps with developing disease prevention and health promotion measures
-helps detect and characterize emerging infectious agents
-allows us a form of evaluation of health policies and services
-supports the practice of community health nursing

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3
Q

What are the two types of epidemiology?

A

1) descriptive
2) analytical

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4
Q

Define descriptive epidemiology

A

looks at health outcomes describing person, place and time

who, what, where and when

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5
Q

Define analytical epidemiology

A

determine information about origins and causal factors of disease and associated determinants of health

how and why

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6
Q

What does the field of epidemiology focus on?

A

populations (rather than individuals), builds on various disciplines and methods– investigates causes of disease within communities and evaluates interventions

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7
Q

Who is the father of epidemiology?

A

John Snow

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8
Q

Define morbidity

A

any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being– occurrence of disease in a population

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9
Q

Define mortality

A

the number of deaths in a population

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10
Q

Define prevalence

A

the number of individuals in a total population who have a disease/experience an event in a specific time period (old and new cases). Prevalence measures the frequency of existing disease at one point in time or over a specific time period.

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11
Q

Define cumulative incidence (incidence proportion)

A

the number of new cases of a disease/event within a population at risk over a specific time period

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12
Q

Define rate

A

measures the speed at which something is occurring. It is a “measure of the frequency of a health event in a specific population during a defined time period”

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13
Q

Define high risk population

A

those persons who, because of exposure, lifestyle, family history, or other factors, are at greater risk for a disease than the population at large

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14
Q

Define epidemic

A

occurs when the number of cases of disease, injury, or condition clearly exceeds the usual level for that condition in a particular group or area

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15
Q

Define pandemic

A

an epidemic occurring across a very large or geographically widespread population

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16
Q

Define endemic

A

when a disease has become part of the “landscape”– it will have a constancy within a population or geographical region

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17
Q

Describe the epidemiological triangle

A

Agent– MUST be present or lacking for disease to develop.. the “what” aka what caused the disease

Host– MUST be living.. the “who” aka who harbours the disease (individual or group)

Environment– internal and external to the host or agent and that influences and is influenced by the host and agent.. the “where” aka social and physical factors

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18
Q

Describe the web of causation

A

-recognizes complexities of interrelationships between multiple factors in causality
-subtle interactions can increase or decrease disease risk
-some association are mutual and may be multidirectional

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19
Q

Describe the Life Course Approach

A

-focuses on how early factors influence health and disease risk in adulthood
-explores short and long-term influence of the social determinants of health on development across the lifespan
-epidemiologists use data from longitudinal studies analyzing biological, psychosocial and behavioural data
-latent, pathway and cumulative effects influence health in adulthood

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20
Q

Describe primary prevention

A

-aimed at preventing disease (before it is present)
-could be for those susceptible at the population level
-might be broader environmental protections
-might be specific protections

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21
Q

Describe secondary prevention

A

activities that seek to detect disease early in its progression, before clinical signs and symptoms become apparent, to make a diagnosis and begin treatment

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22
Q

Describe tertiary prevention

A

activities that take place during the middle and later periods of pathogenesis; the goals are to interrupt the course of the disease, reduce the amount of disability that might occur and begin rehab

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23
Q

Define the natural history of disease

A

progression of disease from onset to recovery– it has two periods
1) prepathogenesis
2) pathogenesis

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24
Q

What are the main types of epidemiological studies?

A

-descriptive
-analytical
-ecological
-experimental

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25
What are the 3 main sources of data?
1) routinely collected data 2) data collected for other purposes 3) original data for specific studies
26
Define public health surveillance
continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice
27
What are the important ethical principles in practice?
autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, distributive justice
28
What is the nursing code of ethics?
frameworks that guide a nurse's ethical obligations and actions within the profession
29
What is the 1st code of nursing ethics called?
the Nightingale Pledge
30
What are the 7 nursing values and ethical responsibilities?
1) providing safe, compassionate, competent and ethical care 2) honouring health and well-being 3) promoting informed decision making 4) preserving dignity 5) maintaining privacy and confidentiality 6) promoting justice 7) being accountable
31
What is the difference between morals, morality and values?
morals-- shared, generational societal norms about what is right or wrong morality-- values of duty, obligation and conduct values-- esteemed qualities or standards
32
What are the steps of ethical decision making?
assess reflect and review select engage reflect and review
33
What are normative ethics?
general ethical obligations in society-- to not harm others, tell the truth, etc.
34
What are examples of bioethics?
autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and distributive justice
35
What is rule ethics?
when the goal it to outline moral duties and obligations by setting out rules or principles
36
Define deontology
the focus is not on the outcome, rather the rightness or wrongness of the action/decision
37
Define consequentialism
whether or not an action is moral depends on the outcome of the action
38
Define utilitarianism
the moral action is the one that produces the most good or least harm in a situation. The outcome is more important than the action.
39
Define nonmaleficence
do no harm (avoid harming pts, uphold standards of care)
40
Define beneficence
do good (follow evidence-informed practice and organizational policies and procedures)
41
Define distributive justice
are benefits and burdens fairly distributed in society? What is the least requirement for goods and services for all members of society?
42
Define advocacy
the application of information and resources (including finances, effort, and votes) to effect systemic changes that shape the way people in a community live
43
What are the ethical principles for effective advocacy?
-act in the client's best interests -act in accordance with the client's wishes -keep the client properly informed -carry out instructions with diligence and competence -act impartially and offer frank, independent advice -maintain client confidentiality
44
What are Upshur's ethical principles to justify public health interventions?
1. the harm principles-- restriction of freedom is justified in order to prevent harm to others 2. using least restrictive means-- use of full authority and power of public health officials should only be used for exceptional circumstances 3. reciprocity principle-- society must support people to follow through with warranted public health actions 4. transparency principle-- involve people in decisions and communicate clearly about what needs to happen
45
What is the Nursing Code of Ethics?
a framework that guides a nurse's ethical obligations and actions within the profession 1st code is the Nightingale Pledge
46
What are the 7 nursing values and ethical responsibilities?
1. providing safe, compassionate, competent and ethical care 2. honouring health and well-being 3. promoting informed decision-making 4. preserving dignity 5. maintaining privacy and confidentiality 6. promoting justice 7. being accountable
47
Define ethics
A branch of philosophy that includes both a body of knowledge about the moral life and a process of reflection for determining what persons ought to do or be in this life. It involves consideration of moral practices, beliefs, and standards of individuals or groups.
48
Define morals
shared generational societal norms about what constitutes right or wrong conduct
49
Define morality
values of duty, obligations and conduct
50
Define values
esteemed qualities or standards
51
What is the difference between ethical issues and ethical dilemmas?
Issues-- moral challenges facing the profession Dilemmas-- puzzling moral problems in which a person, group or community can envision morally justified reasons for both taking and not taking a certain course of action
52
What are the steps of ethical decision making?
assess reflect and review select (select an ethical action) engage reflect and review
53
Define normative ethics
general ethical obligations in society (tell the truth, etc)
54
Define deontology
the focus is not on the outcome, rather the rightness or wrongness of the action/decision
55
Define consequentialism
whether or not an action is moral depends on the outcome of the action
56
Define utilitarianism
the moral action is the one that produces the most good or least harm in a situation-- the outcome is more important that the action
57
Define veracity
telling the truth-- promotes trust in the nurse-client therapeutic relationship
58
What are the 4 principles of Principlism?
Autonomy-- respecting the right to make one's own informed decisions Nonmaleficence-- do no harm Beneficence-- do good Distributive justice-- are benefits and burdens fairly distributed in society?
59
Describe virtue ethics
-acquired virtues enable people to act in good ways -emphasis on practical reasoning
60
Describe relational ethics
-engaged interaction, mutual respect, embodied knowledge, uncertainty and vulnerability and an interdependent environment -how is the client relationship effected by the nurse's thoughts and actions
61
Describe ethics of care
-caring as the moral ideal-- focus on relationship of care between those cared for and those caring
62
What are the ethical principles for effective advocacy?
-act in the client's best interests -act in accordance with the client's wishes -keep the client properly informed -carry out instructions with diligence and competence -act impartially and offer frank, independent advice -maintain client confidentiality
63
What are Usphur's ethical principles to justify public health interventions?
1. the harm principle-- restriction of freedom of an individual or group is justified in order to prevent harm to others 2. using least restrictive means-- use of full authority and power of public health officials should only be used for exceptional circumstances 3. reciprocity principle-- society must support individuals and communities to follow through with warranted public health actions 4. transparency principle-- involve key stakeholders in decisions and communicate clearly about what needs to happen

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