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ENVS 4113 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main origins of water pollution?

A
  1. Point Source Pollution
  2. Non-Point Source Pollution
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2
Q

________ is when additions to water cause an imbalance in the ecosystem.

A

Water Pollution

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3
Q

Examples of ________ include:

discharges from wastewater treatment plants
operational wastes from industries
combined sewer outfalls.

A

Point source pollution

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3
Q

___________ does not come from a specific source. Instead, it originates from many places, or from a widespread area.

A

Non-point source pollution

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3
Q

Across the nation, ________ is one of the greatest threats to clean water.

A

polluted stormwater runoff

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4
Q

________ refers to the pollution that occurs from a single identifiable source

A

Point source pollution

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5
Q

Examples of ______ include:

1) Sediments from construction, forestry operations, and agricultural lands
2) Bacteria and microorganisms from failing septic systems and pet wastes
3) Nutrients (from fertilizers and yard debris) and pesticides from agricultural areas, golf courses, athletic fields, and residential yards
4) Oil, grease, antifreeze, and metals washed from roads, parking lots, and driveways
5) Toxic chemicals and cleaners that were not disposed of properly
6) Litter thrown onto streets, sidewalks, and beaches, or directly into the water by individuals

A

Non-point sources

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5
Q

Point source and nonpoint source pollution are two types of mechanisms of ________.

A

Pollution

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5
Q

The effect of point source pollution is _____ while the effect of nonpoint source pollution is ______.

A

High
Less

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6
Q

_______ is a type of pollution that occurs via an identifiable source while ________ is a type of more diffusible pollution.

A

Point source pollution
Nonpoint source pollution

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7
Q

_______ is the end product of all point and non-point source pollutants of a single contaminant.

A

TMDL

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7
Q

_________ involves the prediction of water pollution using mathematical simulation techniques.

A

Water quality modeling

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8
Q

The ________ addresses water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants to waters of the United States.

A

NPDES permit program

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8
Q

________ is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a plan for restoring impaired waters that identify the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards.

A

A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)

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9
Q

The ________ is authorized to state governments by the EPA to perform many permitting, administrative, and enforcement aspects of the program.

A

NPDES permit program

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10
Q

The _________ is the numeric estimate included in the TMDL calculation, sometimes 10% of the TMDL, intended to allow a safety buffer between the calculated TMDL and the actual load that will allow the water body to meet its beneficial use (since the natural world is complex and several variables may alter future conditions).

A

Margin of Safety (MOS)

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11
Q

Pollutants that originate from a point source are given allowable levels of contaminants to be discharged which is called the ________.

A

Waste Load Allocation (WLA).

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11
Q

PRZM is an EPA model first developed in the early 1980’s to simulate the movement in an agricultural field of:

A

Hydrology
Chemical

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12
Q

_________ - determination of natural pollutant load, and load from human activities (i.e. diffuse nonpoint sources and point discharges).

A

Load Allocation (LA)

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13
Q

PRZM5 is a ___________.

A

Daily Time Step Model.

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13
Q

TMDL = ______

A

WLA + LA + MOS

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14
Q

PRZM used by EPA to estimate off-field loadings of:

A

Runoff
Eroded sediment
Pesticide mass

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15
Q

Runoff Rate =

A

Precipitation Rate – Infiltration Rate

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16
Q

_________ is dependent upon:
Land cover (which dictates interception)
Soils
Antecedent moisture

A

Infiltration rate

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17
Q

What does runoff rate equal?

A

Precipitation Rate - Infiltration Rate

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18
Q

The sediment being dumped into the oceans has an effect on the ecology of the oceans, both in a good and bad way it is one of the ways that the oceans have become ______?

A

Salty

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18
Q

Infiltration and surface runoff are ___________ related

A

inversely

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19
Q

__________ will decrease with time after the onset of rainfall

A

Infiltration Rate

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19
Q

PRZM5 is a ____ model

A

Daily Time Step

20
Q

Land cover and land management practices will impact ________ capacity of a soil

A

infiltration

20
Q

Fine-textured, clay soils have ________ (lower or higher) infiltration rates

A

lower

21
Q

Coarse-textured, sandy soils have ________ (lower or higher) infiltration rates

A

higher

22
Q

Vegetative cover protects soils from compaction and sealing by _________

A

raindrops

23
Q

__________ will decrease with time after the onset of rainfall

A

Infiltration rate

24
Q

The “___________” is the amount of rainfall lost to infiltration before surface ponding occurs

A

initial abstraction

25
Q

“__________” is the continuing loss of rainfall to infiltration, after ponding begins

A

Continuing abstraction

26
Q

_______ is the most complex method and solves full differential equation for unsaturated flow in porous media.
- Used in some field scale models (RZWQM, LEACHM)
- Operates on short time step (hourly or sub-hourly)

A

Richard’s Equation

27
Q

________ method is simpler to solve and more efficient to run. Used in any field scale models (SWAT,APEX). Requires soil physical properties as inputs.

A

Green and Ampt Method

27
Q

A physically-based approximation to Richard’s equation

A

Green and Ampt Method

27
Q

The EPA Model ______ uses the:

  • NRCS Runoff Curve Number Method (NRCS, 2003)
  • Modified Universal Soil Loss for Small Watershed (MUSS) (Singh, 1995)
A

PRZM5

28
Q

The ________ was originally based on field studies from the 1940’s and 1950’s.

A

Runoff Curve Number Method

28
Q

________ for a given location are based upon soils and land cover

A

Runoff curve numbers

29
Q

Curve number 1 (CN-1)

A

Dry conditions, soil moisture at wilting point

30
Q

Standard CN-1,CN-2, and CN-3 curve number values are appropriate for a land slope of ______

A

5%

30
Q

Curve number 3 (CN-3)

A

Wet conditions, soil moisture at field capacity

31
Q

Curve number 2 (CN-2)

A

average antecedent soil moisture conditions

31
Q

All surface water pesticides exposure models include a _________ component.

A

soil erosion

32
Q

_______ is an indicator of the erosive energy in rainfall for a given region

A

The R-factor

32
Q

What is USLE?

A

Universal Soil Loss Equation

33
Q

_________ describes the susceptibility of a soil to detach and erode.

A

The K-factor

34
Q

The slope length (L) and slope steepness (S) factors are often lumped into a single _____________

A

“topographic factor” (LS).

35
Q

What is the C-factor?

A

Cropping Management Factor

35
Q

Soils with higher C-factor have ________

A

higher erosion

36
Q

What is the P-factor?

A

Supporting Practice Factor

37
Q

The ________ is a function of:
Grain size distribution
Texture
Permeability
Organic matter

A

K-factor

38
Q

The ______ is a function of:

Vegetation
Growth stage
Crop residues
Crop rotation

A

C-factor

38
Q

The ________ is applicable only to managed cropland and relates the erosion potential of a given field to that of one planted with rows downslope.

A

P-factor

39
Q

Fields with no special practices will have a P-factor of ___?

A

1

40
Q

What is MUSLE?

A

Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation

41
Q

Muss equation for estimating erosion factors?

A

Xe = soil erosion (metric tons/day)
Vr = volume of event (daily) runoff (mm)
qp = peak flow rate (mm/hr)
Area = field area (hectares)

42
Q

MUSLE is represented by what ?

A

A = Soil erosion (metric tons/day)
Q = Daily runoff depth (mm)
qp = Peak flow rate (mm/hr)
Area = field area (hectares)

43
Q

____________ is the measure of the amount of frictional resistance water experiences when passing over land and channel features.

A

Hydraulic roughness

44
Q

_______ is an open conduit either naturally or artificially created which periodically, or continuously contains moving water, or forms a connecting link between two bodies of water.

A

Channel (watercourse)

45
Q

______ is an energy driver process.

A

Evapotranspiration (ET)

46
Q

_____________ decreases with increasing humidity.

A

Evapotranspiration

47
Q

Screening model for ecological concerns for surface water. Based on EPA standard “pond” scenario.

A

GENEEC

47
Q

Screening model for human drinking water concerns for surface water. Based on EPA “index reservoir” scenario.

A

FIRST

48
Q

Screening model for leaching water potential

A

SCIGROW

49
Q

What is the FIRST model based on?

A

Based upon an ‘Index Reservoir’ located in Shipman, Illinois.

50
Q

It remains vitally important to understand that metadata is the ______________

A

“data about the data”

51
Q

The report should detail methodology for input file generation including sources of input variables and any estimating techniques used. _______ is key!

A

REPRODUCIBILITY

52
Q

For Acute DWLOC divide lowest _____ by ______.

A

APad (Acute Population Adjusted Dose by daily water consumption per body weight

ENVS 4113 (6 decks)

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