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ENVS 4113 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

___________ are computer models of groundwater flow systems

A

Groundwater models

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2
Q

Evapotranspiration is equation to what?

A

evaporation + transpiration

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2
Q

The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the ____________

A

unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

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3
Q

Some parameters may be influenced by changes in the groundwater situation, like the thickness of a soil layer that may_______ when the water table drops and the hydraulic pressure is reduced.

A

Reduce

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4
Q

What are the main concerns in groundwater engineering?

A

groundwater contamination, conservation of supplies,
Water quality.

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4
Q

Many groundwater models are made for the purpose of assessing the effects ____________ measures.

A

hydraulic engineering

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5
Q

The parameters usually concern the ______ of and distances in the domain to be modelled

A

geometry

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6
Q

A is a device used to measure the hydraulic head of groundwater.

A

piezometer

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6
Q

There are three aspects that control the nature of aquifers

A
  1. Stratigraphy
  2. Lithology
  3. Geological formations and deposits
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7
Q

The mathematical relationships used to describe the flow of water through porous media are _______

A

Darcy’s law
diffusion
Laplace equations

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7
Q

Transient groundwater flow is analogous to the ____________

A

diffusion of heat in a solid

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7
Q

The ___________ relates the age and geometry of the many formations that compose the aquifer.

A

stratigraphy

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8
Q

The __________ refers to the physical components of an aquifer, such as the mineral composition and grain size.

A

lithology

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9
Q

The ____________ are the elements that arise due to deformations after deposition, such as fractures and folds.

A

structural features

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9
Q

_____ is a fraction between 0 and 1 indicating the amount of pore space between unconsolidated soil particles or within a fractured rock.

A

Porosity

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10
Q

porosity available to flow is sometimes called what?

A

effective porosity

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11
Q

_______ is an expression of the connectedness of the pores.

A

Permeability

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12
Q

______ affects groundwater flow velocities through an inversely proportional relationship.

A

porosity

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13
Q

________ indicate the amount of groundwater released from storage due to a unit depressurization of a confined aquifer.

A

Specific storage (Ss)
depth-integrated equivalent

14
Q

_______ indicates the amount of water released due to drainage from lowering the water table in an unconfined aquifer.

A

Specific yield (Sy)

15
Q

Will some water remain in the medium even after drainage?

A

Yes, because of intermolecular forces

16
Q

______ is an empirical factor which quantifies how much contaminants stray away from the path of the groundwater which is carrying it.

A

Hydrodynamic dispersivity (αL, αT)

17
Q

Some of the contaminants will be “behind” or “ahead” the mean groundwater, giving rise to a __________

A

longitudinal dispersivity (αL)

18
Q

some will be “to the sides of” the pure advective groundwater flow, leading to a ____________

A

transverse dispersivity (αT)

19
Q

____________ is actually a factor which represents our lack of information about the system we are simulating.

A

Dispersivity

20
Q

It is important not to confuse diffusion with dispersion, as the former is a physical phenomenon and the latter is an __________

A

empirical factor

21
Q

What did Einstein characterize as brownian motion?

A

Diffusion

22
Q

The _______ factor depends on the chemical nature of both the contaminant and the aquifer.

A

Retardation

23
Q

Who is the father of modern groundwater hydrology?

A

Oscar Edward Meinzer

24
Q

Darcy’s law is valid for _______ flow through sediments.

A

laminar

25
Q

Flow is laminar when reynolds number is less than what?

A

2000

26
Q

Flow is turbulent when it is more than what?

A

4000

27
Q

Roots take up what?

A

Water and solutes

28
Q

Stems do what?

A

transport water and solutes

29
Q

What is the water pipe?

A

Xylem

30
Q

What is the sugar pipe?

A

Phloem

31
Q

Leaves do what?

A

Transpire water and take up gas

32
Q

Fruits are what?

A

sinks for phloem and xylem

33
Q

Why do plants transpire?

A

to take up CO2

34
Q

___ make up about 50% of the mass of the plant

A

Roots

35
Q

_______ roots start at one point, no branching; thin, long

A

Monocotyledon

36
Q

______ fractal structure, branched roots, fine roots and thick roots.

A

Dicotyledon

37
Q

A monocot has a _____

A

fibrous root system

38
Q

dicot has a

A

tap root system.

39
Q

_______ will always be in chemical equilibrium to soil

A

Root tips

40
Q

_________ is the accumulation of a chemical in or on an organism when the source of chemical is solely water.

A

Bioconcentration

ENVS 4113 (6 decks)

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