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Hubs191 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Microbes (small to large)

A

Virus, bacteria, fungi, Protozoa

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2
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus, bone marrow

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3
Q

Function of primary lymphoid organs

A

Production of white blood cells (lymphocytes)

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4
Q

Thymus function

A

School of t-cells, developing t-cells learn to not react to self

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5
Q

Bone marrow function

A

Source of stem cells that develop into the cells of the innate and adaptive immune response

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6
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes and spleen

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7
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs function

A

Site where immune response is initiated

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8
Q

What occurs at lymph nodes

A

Site of initiation of immune responses, lymph fluid from blood and tissue is filtered

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9
Q

Where are the lymph nodes located

A

Along lymphatic vessel

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10
Q

Physical barriers in skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, dendritic cells

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11
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of skin composed of dead cells, keratin and phagocytic immune cells

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12
Q

Dermis

A

Thick layer of connective tissue, collagen, and blood vessels, and phagocytic immune cells

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13
Q

Where are dendrites found in the skin

A

In between epidermis and dermis

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14
Q

Skin as a chemical barrier

A

Presence of antimicrobial peptides, lysozyme, sebum, salt

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15
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Small naturally produced proteins that form a barrier against microbial invasion

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16
Q

Lysozyme in skin

A

Breaks down bacterial cell walls

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17
Q

Sebum in skin

A

Low pH

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18
Q

Where are mucosal membranes found

A

Ocular, respiratory, oral and urogenital/rectal systems

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19
Q

Spleen function

A

Initiation of immune response against blood Bourne pathogens

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20
Q

Chemical defense of mucous membrane

A

Stomach-low ph, gall bladder- bile, intestine-digestive enzyme, mucous, defending, lysozyme

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21
Q

Myeloid cells

A

Cells and tissue of bone marrow related to blood cell formation

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22
Q

What do myeloid cells make

A

RBC, granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets (innate immune cells)

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23
Q

Blood cells are

A

Erythrocytes

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24
Q

What are lymphoid and myeloid cells derived from

A

Hematopoetic stem cells

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25
Granulocytes
Circulate in blood and can move into tissue during inflammation
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27
Granulocytes eg
Neutrophils, mast cells
28
Where are neutrophils found
Blood
29
Where are mast cells found
In tissue, line mucous all surfaces
30
What causes fever
Pyrogen being released from cells that ingest bacteria
31
Mast cells function
Release granules that attract wbc to areas of tissue damage
32
Types of macrophages
Resident (sessile), move through tissues (migratory)
33
Functions of macrophages
Phagocytosis, release chemical messengers, show info about pathogenic microbes to T cells
34
Dendritic cells location
Primarily tissues located in tissue in direct contact with external env
35
How do cells recognise pathogens
PAMP, pathogen associated molecular pathogens
36
Pattern recognition receptors
Recognise conserved molecular patterns found on pathogens and damaged cells
37
PAMPs in virus
Nucleus acid: ssRNA, dsRNA
38
PAMPs in bacteria cell wall
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid
39
PAMPs in bacteria flagella
Flagellin
40
PAMPs in bacteria - nucleic acid
Unmethylated CpG DNA
41
Function of complement cascade
Opsonisation, chemotaxis, lysis
42
Lysis
Destroy pathogens, formation of MAC
43
Opsonisation
Label pathogens, by coating microbes with antibody or antibody or complement fragments (C3b)
44
Chemotaxis (complement)
C3a and C5a causes mast cells degranulation, inflammatory mediators released
45
Classical complement activation
Antibody bound to pathogen, binds to complement
46
Alternative complement activation
Pathogen binds complement to surface/pathogen component
47
Lectin complement activation
Carbohydrate components of microbes bind to complement
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Communication methods of immune cells
Soluble molecules (cytokines and chemokines) binding to receptor on cell membrane Cell surface bound receptors binding to cell surface bound ligand (can change function of one or bothcells) Antigen presentation to cell surface bound receptors
51
Helper T cell function
Make cytokines that bind to b cells Have cell surface receptors that bind to s b cell surface bound ligand
52
Complement activation of b cells
Antibody binding to pathogen can trigger classical pathway of complement activation, this can also help activate b cells
53
Production of T cells
Bone marrow
54
T cell development
Thymus
55
T cell rearrangement
Immature T cells, rearrange variable regions of their T cell receptor genes in thymus
56
CD4 T cells
Recognise mhc 2, helps cd8 T cells become cytotoxic, helps b cell activation by releasing interleukins
57
Cd8
Recognise mhc 1, develops into cytotoxic
58
When do b cells develop self tolerance + immunocompetence
Bone marrow during maturation
59
How many BCR on a single b cells
Approx 100,000 mainly igM/igD
60
Antibody functions
Opsonisation, neutralisation, complement activation
61
1st response
7-14 days to produce sufficient antigen, relatively low amounts of antibody produced
62
2nd response
2-3 days, mainly igG, low levels of IgA and igE
63
Isotype switching
The class or isotype alters the function of the antibody not the specificity, occurs in lymphocyte
64
Typical Order of isotype switching
IgM/igD, igG, igA, igE
65
IgG function
Opsonisation/neutralisation, can cross placenta, virus and bacteria
66
IgA function
Defence of mucous membranes, passive immunity through nursing infant, virus and bacteria, found in secretions
67
IgM
Effectively activate complement, extracellular bacteria, acts as bcr, first to be produced after initial exposure, expressed on naive b cells
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69
IgE
Allergic reactions, multicellular pathogens through activating mast cells
70
IgD
Act as BCR, signalling function, naive b cells
71
SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)
Lack of functional b and T cells, X chromosome linked
72
Virus induced immune suppression
Virus interferes with normal host immune system, including HIV
73
Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV receptor = cd4 molecules, impacts immunity to microbes and cancer
74
Autoimmune disease
Self reactive T and b cells
75
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoreactive T and b cells attack self antigens, present at joints
76
Diabetes
Insulin beta cells attacked
77
Causes of immunodeficiency
Genetic (SCID), infection related (HIV, measles), environmental (malnutrition), treatment related(chemotherapy)
78
Causes of autoimmune
Loss of immune tolerance, and infection as a trigger
79
Allergic response
Dendritic cells present peptides from allergens to T helper cells, primed helper T cells activate b cells to secrete igE, igE binds to mast cells receptors (FCR), native antigen bind to FCR on mastcells causing depolarisation and release of histamine
80
Process of innate
Leukocytosis (neutrophils enter blood) - margin action (neutrophils cling to capillary wall) - diapedisis (neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries) - chemotaxis (neutrophils follow chemical trail)
81
Vaccine types and eg
Live attenuated - measles, mumps, polio Sabin Killed- polio Salk Subunit protein - tetanus, SARS-CoV2 Subunit mRNA- SARS-CoV2
82
Adjuvants
Immune stimulants that enhance APC activation

Hubs191 (2 decks)

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