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PSY4406 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What theory informs Projective Personality Assessments?

A

Psychoanalytic theory

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2
Q

What did the Exner Scoring System do for the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

A

Refuted earlier criticisms that it reflected poor reliability and validity

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3
Q

What is a disadvantage of the RIT?

A

Test contains only 10 items, meaning potential invalidation for anyone tested on more than one occasion.

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4
Q

How many cards make up the TAT, and how many are presented to the client during an assessment?

A

TAT is comprised of 32 cards, client is presented with 10-14 cards during an assessment

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5
Q

What is a disadvantage of the TAT?

A

Very difficult to evaluate the reliability and validity, as different cards can be used and presented in varying orders.

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6
Q

What is a Projective Drawing Test?

A

A type of diagnostic technique in which an individual is required to draw a picture for the purpose of assessing personality, cognitive abilities or psychopathology.

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7
Q

What is the Draw-a-Person test?

A

A projective personality test used to evaluate children and adolescents, Test involves the requesting the child to complete three individual drawings of a man, a woman and themselves.

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8
Q

What are the three models of consciousness as explained by Freud?

A
  • Unconscious
  • Preconscious
  • Conscious
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9
Q

According to psychodynamic theory, what instinctive drives are believed to shape personality?

A
  • Eros (life/sexual instinct)

- Thanatos (death/aggressive instinct)

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10
Q

According to psychodynamic theory, what physchological forces influence behaviour?

A
  • Id - basic impulses, immediate gratification, irrrational and impulsive
  • Ego - mediates id and supergo, rational, resting reality
  • Superego - ideals and morals, striving for perfection, operates at a preconscious level
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11
Q

What types of reliability impact personality assessment?

A

Temporal - consistent scores across time
Inter-rater - consistent results across testers
Internal - consistent scores across different items

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12
Q

What types of validity impact personality assessment?

A

Face - item appears to accurately measure the construct
Construct - scale accurately measures latent content and not other variables
Criterion-related - scale can be used to accurately predict performance

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13
Q

What are the four broad types of assessment?

A

Projective
Psychometric
Behaviour rating
Clinical interview

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14
Q

What is personality?

A

A collection of traits, dispositions and attributes that can be translated into emotional responses, social behaviour, motivations, values and interests.

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15
Q

What is a trait?

A

Enduring and relatively permanent characteristic that is distinguished along a continuum

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16
Q

What is a state?

A

Temporary behavioural tendency usually in reaction to an internal or environmental stimulus

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17
Q

What is a type?

A

General description of an individual into a distinct category.

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18
Q

According to Smith and Archer (2014) what are the 5 purposes of personality assessment?

A
  • Describe psychopathology and obtain differential
  • Describe and predict everyday behaviour
  • Inform psychological treatment
  • Monitor treatment
  • Use personality assessment
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19
Q

Research has demonstrated personality is a _______ interaction between _____ ______ and ______ ______

A

Bidirectional, inherited tendencies, life experiences

20
Q

What is the assumption of psychometric personality assessments?

A

Personality is consciously accessible. That personality can be measured through self-report questionnaires.

21
Q

What are the advantages of psychometric personality assessments?

A
  • Economical
  • Scoring and administration are simple and objective
  • Interpretation easier
  • Psychometric properties are clearly defined
22
Q

What are the four dimensions of the Myers-Briggs?

A

Extraversion - Introversion
Sensing - Intuition
Thinking - Feeling
Judging - Perceiving

23
Q

What are the four letters used to denote the personality type code in the Myers-Briggs?

A

S - indicates a preference for sensing
N - indicates a preference for intuition
T - indicates a preference for making decisions via thinking
F - indicates a preference for making decisions via feeling

24
Q

At what ages do we develop the dominant and auxiliary functions indicated in the Myers-Briggs?

A

Dominant - age 7

Auxiliary - age 20

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of psychometric personality assessments?

A
  • Tests often provide a single summary score
  • Some rely heavily on self-knowledge
  • Forced-choice approach prevents people from qualifying or elaborating their responses
26
Q

What is the NEO-PI-R?

A

Provides a detailed assessment of adult personality based on the Big Five traits as well as six subordinate facets of each

27
Q

What is the MMPI-2-RF designed to assess?

A

Designed to assess psychopathology and is primarily administered to clients who are suspected of having mental health or clinical issues.

28
Q

What differences in personality have been observed across cultures?

A

Different characteristics have been shown in people who are part of an individualist culture compared with a collectivist culture.

29
Q

How does Rorer (1990) define personality assessment

A

The description of people’s manner of behaving; their moods, situations and behaviours they choose as opposed to the ones they avoid.

30
Q

What do Handler & Meyer (1998) describe as the difference between psychological testing and psychological assessment?

A

Testing is a straightforward process wherein a test is administered to obtain a specific score. Whereas assessment takes a variety of test-derived pieces of information and places that data in the context of historical information, referral information and behavioural information.

31
Q

What do Archer & Smith (2014) define as the two categories of self-report measures?

A

Omnibus - are those that assess multiple domains of personality, psychopathology or functioning
Narrow-band - only measures a single domain, e.g. self-esteem

32
Q

What is reciprocal determinism as postulated by Bandura?

A

This theory acknowledges the reciprocal influences of behaviour, environment and personal/cognitive factors on personality.

33
Q

The construct measured by a test is called a _____ variable

A

Latent

34
Q

How is temporal consistency measured?

A

Through test-retest reliability

35
Q

How is internal consistency measured?

A

Split-half reliability and Cronbach’s alpha (values about .70 are adequate, values about .80 considered good)

36
Q

How is inter-rater reliability measured?

A

Cohen’s kappa, generally accepted when above .70

37
Q

How is play therapy used to assess children?

A

Children are engaged to play (for example, with sand trays) and a professional observes and interprets the projected thematic content of the play.

38
Q

What is the basic premise of the Myers-Briggs?

A

We all use four basic functions: two of them help us process information (sensing & intuition), two of them help us make decisions

39
Q

What are the advantages of the 16PF?

A
  • Easy and quick to administer
  • Low face validity
  • Good support for reliability and validity
40
Q

What are the disadvantages of the 16PF?

A
  • Overeducated norm group (requires atleast 5th grade reading level)
  • New version converts scores to ‘stens’ = difficult to understand.
41
Q

What are the advantages of the NEO-PI-R?

A
  • Excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability

- - Includes both a ‘self-report’ and ‘other-report’ form

42
Q

What are some criticisms of the NEO-PI-R?

A
  • Doesn’t control for socially desirable responding

- Norms based on relatively small sample

43
Q

Which is the most widely used and researched standardised psychometric test of personality and psychopathology?

A

The MMPI

44
Q

Who is credited with the first ‘modern’ personality test?

A

Carl Jung, his ‘association method’ was a standardised list of words to which patients were asked to free associated, or to say whatever came to mind’.

45
Q

How is factor analysis used to develop self-report instruments?

A

A large initial pool of items is administered to a large group of subjects. The responses are then intercorrelated, and the resulting intercorrelations are factor analysed in order to identify underlying clusters of items.

PSY4406 (6 decks)

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