Module 5 Flashcards
1
Q
True or False? An autonomic motor neurons leave the spinal cord, they synapse with another neuron prior to synapsing with the target organ
A
true
2
Q
Autonomic motor nerves do NOT innervate
- smooth muscle
- skeletal muscle
- cardia muscle
- glands
A
skeletal muscle
3
Q
Somatic motor neurons have a direct connection between the CNS and their effector organs, while ___ neurons must synapse on with a peripheral neuron before reaching their effectors
- somatic sensory
- autonomic sensory
- autonomic motor
- both somatic and autonomic are correct
A
autonomic motor
4
Q
Somatic motor reflexes involve the autonomic nervous system contraction of smooth muscle contraction of skeletal muscle the autonomic ganglia
A
contraction of skeletal muscle
5
Q
Damage to the autonomic motor nerves would probably result in no change in skeletal muscle tone muscle atrophy flaccid paralysis increased skeletal muscle contraction
A
no change in skeletal muscle tone
6
Q
What occurs when one sympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses on several postganglionic neurons convergence cooperation divergence all of the choices are correct
A
divergence
7
Q
From where do parasympathetic preganglionic neurons originate
brainstem
thoracic and lumbar region of the spinal cord
sacral region of the spinal cord
brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
A
brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
8
Q
Cutaneous effectors such as blood vessels, sweat glands, and erector pilli muscles are innervated by
only parasympathetic nerves
only sympathetic nerves
both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
both parasympathetic and somatic nerves
A
only sympathetic nerves
9
Q
Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the \_\_\_ division of the autonomic nervous system sympathetic parasympathetic somatic sensory
A
parasympathetic
10
Q
True or False Sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons generally release different neurotransmitters to their smooth muscle effector cells, which is why these neurons often have antagonistic effects
A
true
11
Q
Which autonomic division is dominant in an emergency situation?
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
A
sympathetic
12
Q
Bright light would stimulate decrease in pupil diameter through \_\_ nerves sympathetic parasympathetic somatic sensory
A
parasympathetic
13
Q
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
- utilizes norepinephrine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter
- has a relatively short preganglionic neuron
- utilizes acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter
- includes the adrenal medulla
A
utilizes acetylcholine as a postganglionic neurotransmitter
14
Q
Which organ receives only sympathetic innervation?
- The adrenal medulla
- Arrector pili muscles in the skin
- Most blood vessels
- All of the choices are correct
A
All of the choices are correct
15
Q
Postganglionic \_\_\_ nerves release acetylcholine sympathetic parasympathetic somatic sensory
A
parasympathetic
16
Q
Which of the following is a catecholamine norepinephrine acetylcholine nitric oxide all of the choices are correct
A
norepinephrine
17
Q
The neurotransmitter released at terminal ganglia is \_\_\_ acetylcholine dopamine epinephrine norepinephrine
A
acetylcholine
18
Q
The swellings on postganglionic axons that contain neurotransmitter are called \_\_\_ synaptic bulbs axon terminals varicostilies neuromuscular junctions
A
varicosities
19
Q
Blocking B2-adrenergic receptors prevents airway___
constriction
dilation
A
dilation
20
Q
Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on presynaptic axon terminals, when stimulated, cause ___
- increased release of norepinephrine
- decreased release of epinephrine
- increased release of epinephrine
- decreased release of norepinephrine
A
decrease release of norepinephrine
21
Q
All adrenergic receptors act via ____
- ligand-gated channels
- sodium-potassium pump
- H-proteins
- G-proteins
A
g-proteins
22
Q
Blood flow to skeletal muscle would be ___ in response to muscarinic antagonist
increased
decreased
not changed
A
decreased
23
Q
A defect in nitric oxide synthetase gene may result in reduced \_\_\_ of cerebral arteries since nitric oxide production would be impaired vasoconstriction vasodilation compliance arterial pressure
A
vasodilation
24
Q
Which of the following organs is dually innervated
- adrenal medulla
- arrector pili muscles in the skin
- urinary bladder
- most blood vessels
A
urinary bladder
25
Which of the following organs has dual ANS innervation
- arrector pili muscles
- adrenal medulla
- iris
- most blood vessels
iris
26
The ___ can control autonomic function, such that under some emotional states, visceral reactions like blushing, fainting, etc. can occur
- reticular activating system
- medulla oblongata
- limbic system
- cerebrum
limbic system
27
```
The major regulatory center of the autonomic nervous system is believed to be the ___ since this brain region has function that require appropriate activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers
hypothalamus
thalamus
midbrain
cerebrum
```
hypothalamus
28
```
Visceral reactions which accompany emotional states are due to activation of the autonomic nervous system by the ___
limbic system
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
pons
```
limbic system
29
___ fibers have relatively slower nerve conduction because they are thin and unmyelinated
- preganglionic autonomic sympathetic
- postganglionic autonomic sympathetic
- preganglionic somatic
- postganglionic somatic
postganglionic autonomic sympathetic
30
```
When two or more hormones work together to produce a particular result, their effects are ____
permissive
antagonistic
synergistic
inhibitory
```
synergistic
31
Second messengers generated by the actions of phospholipase C ___
are inhibited by the actions of caffeine
are stimulated by phosphodiesterase
may activate calmodulin
stimulate gene transcription
may activate calmodulin
32
Which of the following directly initiates the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum
- G-proteins
- phospholipase C
- Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
- Calmodulin
-inositol triphosphate (IP3)
33
```
Cortisol secretion would cease if the __ no longer secreted ACTH
posterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary gland
adrenal cortex
```
anterior pituitary gland
34
```
The vascular link between the hypothalamus and the ___ is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
pineal gland
thalamus
```
anterior pituitary
35
```
Growth would be inhibited by increasing ___ secretion
prolactin
somatostatin
somatomedin
thyroid hormone
```
somatostatin
36
```
Increased circulating concentrations of testosterone would cause decreased secretion of
growth hormone
adrenocorticotropin
luteinizing hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
```
luteinizing hormone
37
```
Most target organ control on the anterior pituitary gland is due to
positive feedback effect
negative feedback
negative feedback inhibition
positive feedback inhibition
```
negative feedback inhibition
38
What is the function of prolactin in females
- stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
- regulates the gonadotropins
- regulates water and electrolyte balance in the kidneys
- all of the choices are correct
stimulates milk production in the mammary glands
39
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- stimulates loss of water by the kidneys
- causes large urine volume
- causes a darkening of the skin
- stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
stimulates retention of water by the kidneys
40
```
Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes___
acromegaly
pituitary cachexia
gigantism
myxedema
```
gigantism
41
```
What hormone stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk-ejection during lactation
prolactin
ADH
oxytocin
lutenizing hormone
```
oxytocin
42
What is the function of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal tract
- transports releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- transports nerve impulse from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- transports hormones and never impulses from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
transports hormones and nerve impulses from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
43
Which of the following is a potent mineralocorticoid that helps increase blood volume and pressure
- antidiuretic hormone
- aldosterone
- hydrocortisone
- norepinephrine
aldosterone
44
```
What is the precursor molecule for the three types of adrenal cortex hormones
vitamin A
vitamin K
Adenosine
Cholesterol
```
cholesterol
45
```
The adrenal cortex is NOT involved in regulation of ___
blood glucose
Na + balance
Ca+ balance
reproduction
```
Ca +2 balance
46
Which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in the response to stress?
- stage of exhaustion
- alarm reaction
- stage of denial
- stage of resistance
stage of denial
47
Which of the following is NOT an action of aldosterone secretion
- raises blood glucose levels
- stimulates kidneys to retain NA+
- causes loss of K+ in urine
- an increase in blood volume and pressure
raises blood glucose levels
48
Which of the following is NOT an action of cortisol secretion?
- stimulates gluconeogenesis
- lowers blood levels of free fatty acids
- promotes lipolysis
- inhibits glucose utilization
lowers blood levels of free fatty acids
49
Parathyroid hormone functions include ___
- causing the kidneys to reabsorb calcium
- causing the dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones
- increasing blood calcium levels
- all of the choices are correct
- causing the kidneys to reabsorb calcium
- causing the dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones
- increasing blood calcium levels
50
Which of the following statements about prostaglandins is true?
-prostaglandin synthesis is blocked by the actions of caffeine
-prostaglandins inhibit inflammation
-prostaglandins may contribute to asthma
thromboxane-A2 induces vasodilation
prostaglandins may contribute to asthma
51
```
What controls the release of corticoids from the adrenal cortex?
-higher brain centers
CRH from the hypothalamus
-ACTH from the anterior pituitary
-all of the choices are correct
```
- higher brain centers
- CRH from the hypothalamus
- ACTH from the anterior pituitary
52
A(n) ___ is an abnormal growth of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency
- tumor
- goiter
- abscess
- keloid
goiter
53
An individual with building eyes may be secreting ___
- inadequate thyroid hormone
- excessive thyroid hormone
- inadequate cortisol
- excessive cortisol
excessive thyroid hormone
54
Release of TSH from the anterior pituitary causes ___
- thyroid follicle cells produce MIT and DIT
- thyroid follicle cells produce calcitonin
- thyroid follicle cells take up a small amount of colloid, hydrolyze T3 and T4 and release them into the blood
- thyroid follicle cells oxidize iodine ions to iodine
thyroid follicle cells take up a small amount of colloid, hydrolyze T3 and T4, and release them into the blood
55
Thyroid hormone receptor proteins are found ___ of their target cells.
- on the plasma membrane
- in the cytoplasms
- in the nucleus
- all of the choices are correct
in the nucleus
56
```
The pancreas secretes hormones involved in regulation of ___
blood glucose
the stress response
metabolic rate
growth and reproduction
```
blood glucose
57
```
Destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells would result in ___
Cushing's disease
Grave's disease
Diabetes melitus
Diabetes insipidus
```
Diabetes mellitus
58
Which of the following is NOT an effect of glucagon secretion?
- Lipolysis
- Ketogenesis
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis
59
```
What are the carrier proteins for glucose diffusion into cells?
insulin
GLUT4
GLUT2
Glucagon
```
GLUT4
60
Pineal gland production of melatonin is stimulated by the ___ of the hypothalamus
- supraoptic nuclei
- paraventricular nuclei
- suprachiasmatic nucelus
- none
suprachiasmatic nucleus
61
Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called___
- cicradian rythme
- biomimetic rhythms
- psychological rythma
- cerebral rhythms
circadian rhythms
62
```
Molecules that are produced within one tissue but regulate a different tissue of the same organ are called ___ regulators
autocrine
endocrine
paracrine
exocrine
```
paracrine
63
```
The regulators which mediate the function of the cells in which they are synthesized from are called
autocrine regulators
endocrine regulator
paracrine regulators
exocrine regulators
```
autocrine regulators
64
Those hormones that are non polar can pass through the plasma membrane and are called
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
lipophilic
both hydrophobic and lipophilic are correct
both hydrophobic and lipophilic are correct
65
Which of the following is NOT true about a chemical functioning in physiological regulation?
- There must be a mechanism to turn off the chemical's action
- The chemicals must be secreted by endocrine glands
- Target cell must have specific receptor molecules for the chemical
- The combination of the chemical and its receptor must cause specific changes to occur in the target cell
The chemical must be secreted by endocrine glands
66
Which of the following is NOT a second messenger system activated by lipophobic hormones?
- 9-cis-retinoic acid
- Tyrosine kinase
- Adenylate cyclase
- Phospholipase C
9-cis-retinoic acid
