Module 5: Communication Principles

Question 1

5.1.1 Communication Protocols

Communication in our daily lives takes many forms and occurs in many environments. We have different expectations depending on whether we are chatting via the internet or participating in a job interview. Each situation has its corresponding expected behaviors and styles.

Before beginning to communicate with each other, we establish rules or agreements to govern the conversation. These agreements include the following:

1. What method of communication should we use?
2. What language should we use?
3. Do we need to confirm that our messages are received?

Answer 1

Noted

Method, Language, and Confirmation Strategies

Before communication can begin, we may have to reach an agreement on the method used.

Before communication can begin, we may have to reach an agreement on the language used.

Communication is successful when the intended message has been received and confirmed.

Question 2

These rules, or ___, must be followed in order for the message to be successfully delivered and understood.

Answer 2

protocols

Question 3

Among the protocols that govern successful human communication are these:

• An identified sender and receiver
• Agreed upon method of communicating (face-to-face, telephone, letter, photograph)
• Common language and grammar
• Speed and timing of delivery
• Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements
• The techniques that are used in network communications share these fundamentals with human conversations.

Think about the commonly accepted protocols for sending text messages to your friends.

Answer 3

Noted

Question 4

Just like humans, computers use ___, or ___, to communicate.

Answer 4

rules, protocols

Question 5

___ are required for computers to properly communicate across the network.

Answer 5

Protocols

Question 6

In both a wired and wireless environment, a ___ is defined as an area where all hosts must “speak the same language,” which, in computer terms means they must “share a common protocol.”

Answer 6

local network

If everyone in the same room spoke a different language, they would not be able to communicate. Likewise, if devices in a local network did not use the same protocols, they would not be able to communicate.

Question 7

___ define many aspects of communication over the local network. These include message format, message size, timing, encoding, encapsulation, and message patterns.

Answer 7

Networking protocols

Question 8

Protocol Characteristic

When a message is sent, it must use a specific ___ or structure. These depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message.

Answer 8

Message format

Question 9

Protocol Characteristic

The rules that govern the ___ of the pieces communicated across the network are very strict. They can also be different, depending on the channel used.

When a long message is sent from one host to another over a network, it may be necessary to break the message into smaller pieces in order to ensure that the message can be delivered reliably.

Answer 9

Message size

Question 10

Protocol Characteristic

Many network communication functions are dependent on ___. It determines the speed at which the bits are transmitted across the network. It also affects when an individual host can send data and the total amount of data that can be sent in any one transmission.

Answer 10

Timing

Question 11

Protocol Characteristic

Messages sent across the network are first converted into bits by the sending host. Each bit is ___ into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted. The destination host receives and decodes the signals in order to interpret the message.

Answer 11

Encoding (encoded)

Question 12

Protocol Characteristic

Each message transmitted on a network must include a header that contains addressing information that identifies the source and destination hosts, otherwise it cannot be delivered.

___ is the process of adding this information to the pieces of data that make up the message. In addition to addressing, there may be other information in the header that ensures that the message is delivered to the correct application on the destination host.

Answer 12

Encapsulation

Question 13

Protocol Characteristic

Some messages require an acknowledgment before the next message can be sent. This type of request/response ___ is a common aspect of many networking protocols. However, there are other types of messages that may be simply streamed across the network, without concern as to whether they reach their destination.

Answer 13

Message pattern

Question 14

5.1.3 Check Your Understanding - Communication Protocols

Bianka, a Polish traveler in Hanoi, Vietnam, stops and asks Nguyệt for directions to the Ngoc Son Temple. They verbally communicate and determine that they both speak English. After receiving directions in English to the temple, Bianka repeats them to Nguyệt. Nguyệt says, “Yes, that is correct.” Select the order of the communications protocols used in this scenario?

◯ method, language, confirmation

◯ method, confirmation, language

◯ confirmation, method, language

◯ language, method, confirmation

Answer 14

method, language, confirmation

Bianka and Nguyệt first decided on the method of communication (verbal). Then they determined the that both speak English (language). Finally, Bianka repeated the directions (confirmation).

Question 15

5.1.3 Check Your Understanding - Communication Protocols

Rory is studying the fields inside an Ethernet frame for an upcoming test and notices that the destination Media Access Control (MAC) address is listed first before the source MAC address. Which of the following protocol characteristics is Rory investigating?

◯ encoding

◯ message pattern

◯ message timing

◯ timing

◯ encapsulation

Answer 15

encapsulation

Networking protocols often have some type of addressing information to indicate the source and destination for the message.

Question 16

5.1.3 Check Your Understanding - Communication Protocols

As Rory continues to study Ethernet, he discovers that a frame can typically be 64 to 1518 bytes of information that is converted into a series of bits before being sent out on the network. Which two protocol characteristics did Rory learn about for Ethernet?

▢ message pattern

▢ encapsulation

▢ encoding

▢ message size

▢ timing

Answer 16

encoding

message size

Networking protocols typically specify the maximum size for a message. In the case of Ethernet, there is also a minimum size of 64 bytes. In addition, Ethernet specifies a method for encoding the bits so that the destination can decode the message.

Question 17

5.2.2 The Internet and Standards

With the increasing number of new devices and technologies coming online, how is it possible to manage all the changes and still reliably deliver services such as email? The answer is internet standards.

A standard is a set of rules that determines how something must be done. Networking and internet standards ensure that all devices connecting to the network implement the same set of rules or protocols in the same manner. Using standards, it is possible for different types of devices to send information to each other over the internet.

For example, the way in which an email is formatted, forwarded, and received by all devices is done according to a standard. If one person sends an email via a personal computer, another person can use a mobile phone to receive and read the email as long as the mobile phone uses the same standards as the personal computer.

Answer 17

Noted

Question 18

A ___ is a set of rules that determines how something must be done.

Answer 18

standard

Question 19

___ and ___ standards ensure that all devices connecting to the network implement the same set of rules or protocols in the same manner.

Answer 19

Networking, internet

Using standards, it is possible for different types of devices to send information to each other over the internet.

For example, the way in which an email is formatted, forwarded, and received by all devices is done according to a standard. If one person sends an email via a personal computer, another person can use a mobile phone to receive and read the email as long as the mobile phone uses the same standards as the personal computer.

Question 20

5.2.3 Network Standards Organizations

An internet standard is the end result of a comprehensive cycle of discussion, problem solving, and testing. These different standards are developed, published, and maintained by a variety of organizations.

When a new standard is proposed, each stage of the development and approval process is recorded in a numbered Request for Comments (RFC) document so that the evolution of the standard is tracked. RFCs for internet standards are published and managed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

Other standards organizations that support the internet include:
* IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
* IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
* ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
* IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
* ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
* TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)

Answer 20

Noted

Question 21

When a new standard is proposed, each stage of the development and approval process is recorded in a numbered ___ document so that the evolution of the standard is tracked.

Answer 21

Request for Comments (RFC)

Question 22

RFCs for internet standards are published and managed by the ___.

Answer 22

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Question 23

5.2.4 Check Your Understanding - Communications Standards

The rules that govern network communications including the message format, message size, timing, and encapsulation, are known as network:

◯ messaging

◯ protocols

◯ signaling

◯ encoding

Answer 23

protocols

Protocols are the rules that govern network communications including the message format, message size, timing and encapsulation.

Question 24

5.2.4 Check Your Understanding - Communications Standards

The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) records and publishes internet standards in documents known as:

◯ Internet Specification Standards (ISS)

◯ Internet Protocol Standards (IPS)

◯ Request for Comments (RFC)

◯ IETF Standards Documents (ISD)

Answer 24

Request for Comments (RFC)

The IETF publishes internet standards known as RFCs.

Question 25

Here are the common protocols that make up computer messages: * **Ethernet** (Defines wired network communication at the data link layer) * **IP** (Internet Protocol – Handles addressing and routing of packets across networks) * **TCP** (Transmission Control Protocol – Ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of data) * **HTTP** (Hypertext Transfer Protocol – Facilitates communication between web browsers and servers)

Answer 25

Noted

Question 26

The ___ protocol governs network interface card to network interface card communication in the same network.

Answer 26

Ethernet

Question 27

___ governs communication from the original source all the way to the final destination. It ensures that the message gets there, and routers along the way determine where the packet is going.

Answer 27

IP (Internet Protocol)

Question 28

___ makes sure the information gets there reliably. If packets arrive out of order, it ensures they are reassembled in the correct sequence.

Answer 28

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Question 29

___ governs the exchange or transfer of HTML. When we request or download a webpage, the message contains all of these protocols.

Answer 29

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

Question 30

# 5.3.2 Video - The Protocol Stack Successful communication requires the use of several protocols. When a device sends a message, it actually uses multiple protocols. This is known as a **Protocol Stack**. Here, I am showing the TCP/IP model, which consists of different layers: the **Network Access Layer**, **Internet Layer**, **Transport Layer**, and **Application Layer**. When a device creates a message, it utilizes protocols from different layers. For example, at the Network Access Layer, the **Ethernet protocol** is used for communication within the same network. Next, at the Internet Layer, the **IP protocol** (either IPv4 or IPv6) ensures that the message reaches its final destination, whether within the same network or across multiple networks. At the Transport Layer, the **TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)** ensures reliable communication. Finally, at the Application Layer, protocols such as **HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)** facilitate the transfer of HTML content. As you can see, sending a message requires multiple protocols working together within the protocol stack.

Answer 30

Noted

Question 31

**5.3.3 The TCP/IP Model** **Layered models** help us visualize how the various protocols work together to enable network communications. A layered model depicts the operation of the protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the layers above and below it. The layered model has many benefits: * Assists in protocol design, because protocols that operate at a specific layer have defined information that they act upon and a defined interface to the layers above and below. * Fosters competition because products from different vendors can work together. * Enables technology changes to occur at one level without affecting the other levels. * Provides a common language to describe networking functions and capabilities. The first layered model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the **internet model**. It defines four categories of functions (Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access) that must occur in order for communications to be successful. The suite of TCP/IP protocols that are used for internet communications follows the structure of this model. Because of this, the internet model is commonly referred to as the **TCP/IP model**.

Answer 31

Noted

Question 32

___ help us visualize how the various protocols work together to enable network communications.

Answer 32

Layered models

Question 33

A ___ depicts the operation of the protocols occurring within each layer, as well as the interaction with the layers above and below it.

Answer 33

layered model

Question 34

The first layered model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the ___.

Answer 34

internet model

Question 35

The first layered model for internetwork communications was created in the early 1970s and is referred to as the internet model. It defines four categories of functions (Application, Transport, Internet, Network Access) that must occur in order for communications to be successful. The suite of TCP/IP protocols that are used for internet communications follows the structure of this model. Because of this, the internet model is commonly referred to as the ___.

Answer 35

TCP/IP model

Question 36

# TCP/IP Model Layer **TCP/IP Model Layer** * **Application** - Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control. * **Transport** - Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks. * **Internet** - Determines the best path through the network. * **Network Access** - Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

Answer 36

Noted

Question 37

**TCP/IP Model Layer**

Answer 37

* **Application** - Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control. * **Transport** - Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks. * **Internet** - Determines the best path through the network. * **Network Access** - Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

Question 38

# TCP/IP Model Layer Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control.

Answer 38

Application

Question 39

# TCP/IP Model Layer Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks.

Answer 39

Transport

Question 40

# TCP/IP Model Layer Determines the best path through the network.

Answer 40

Internet

Question 41

# TCP/IP Model Layer Controls the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

Answer 41

Network Access

Question 42

**5.3.4 The OSI Reference Model** There are two basic types of models that we use to describe the functions that must occur in order for network communications to be successful: protocol models and reference models. * **Protocol model** - This model closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. A protocol suite includes the set of related protocols that typically provide all the functionality required for people to communicate with the data network. The TCP/IP model is a protocol model because it describes the functions that occur at each layer of protocols within the TCP/IP suite. * **Reference model** - This type of model describes the functions that must be completed at a particular layer, but does not specify exactly how a function should be accomplished. A reference model is not intended to provide a sufficient level of detail to define precisely how each protocol should work at each layer. The primary purpose of a reference model is to aid in clearer understanding of the functions and processes necessary for network communications. The most widely known internetwork reference model was created by the **Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)** project at the **International Organization for Standardization (ISO)**. It is used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting. This model is commonly referred to as the OSl model.

Answer 42

Noted

Question 43

There are two basic types of models that we use to describe the functions that must occur in order for network communications to be successful: ___ models and ___ models.

Answer 43

protocol, reference

Question 44

This model closely matches the structure of a particular protocol suite. A protocol suite includes the set of related protocols that typically provide all the functionality required for people to communicate with the data network.

Answer 44

Protocol model ## Footnote The TCP/IP model is a protocol model of this because it describes the functions that occur at each layer of protocols within the TCP/IP suite.

Question 45

A ___ includes the set of related protocols that typically provide all the functionality required for people to communicate with the data network.

Answer 45

protocol suite

Question 46

This type of model describes the functions that must be completed at a particular layer, but does not specify exactly how a function should be accomplished.

Answer 46

Reference model ## Footnote This is not intended to provide a sufficient level of detail to define precisely how each protocol should work at each layer. The primary purpose of this is to aid in clearer understanding of the functions and processes necessary for network communications.

Question 47

The most widely known internetwork reference model was created by the ___ project at the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Answer 47

**Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)** ## Footnote It is used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting. This model is commonly referred to as the **OSl model**.

Question 48

**OSI Model Layer** **7 - Application** The application layer contains protocols used for process-to-process communications. **6 - Presentation** The presentation layer provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services. **5 - Session** The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange. **4 - Transport** The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices. **3 - Network** The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices. **2 - Data Link** The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media. **1 - Physical** The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

Answer 48

Noted

Question 49

**OSI Model Layer**

Answer 49

**7 - Application** The application layer contains protocols used for process-to-process communications. **6 - Presentation** The presentation layer provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services. **5 - Session** The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange. **4 - Transport** The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices. **3 - Network** The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices. **2 - Data Link** The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media. **1 - Physical** The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

Question 50

# OSI Model Layer Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.

Answer 50

7 - Application

Question 51

# OSI Model Layer Provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.

Answer 51

6 - Presentation

Question 52

# OSI Model Layer Provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange.

Answer 52

5 - Session

Question 53

# OSI Model Layer Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices.

Answer 53

4 - Transport

Question 54

# OSI Model Layer Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices.

Answer 54

3 - Network

Question 55

# OSI Model Layer Protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media.

Answer 55

2 - Data Link

Question 56

# OSI Model Layer Protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

Answer 56

1 - Physical

Question 57

**5.3.5 OSI Model and TCP/IP Model Comparison** Because TCP/IP is the protocol suite in use for internet communications, why do we need to learn the OSI model as well? The **TCP/IP model** is a method of visualizing the interactions of the various protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite. It does not describe general functions that are necessary for all networking communications. It describes the networking functions specific to those protocols in use in the TCP/IP protocol suite. For example, at the network access layer, the TCP/IP protocol suite does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium, nor the method of encoding the signals for transmission. OSI Layers 1 and 2 discuss the necessary procedures to access the media and the physical means to send data over a network. The protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite can be described in terms of the **OSI reference model**. The functions that occur at the internet layer in the TCP/IP model are contained in the network layer of the OSI Model, as shown in the figure. The transport layer functionality is the same between both models. However, the network access layer and the application layer of the TCP/IP model are further divided in the OSI model to describe discrete functions that must occur at these layers.

Answer 57

Noted ## Footnote Application (TCP/IP model) Application (OSI model) Presentation (OSI model) Session (OSI model) /// Transport (TCP/IP model) Transport (OSI model) /// Internet (TCP/IP model) Network (OSI model) /// Network Access (TCP/IP model) Data Link (OSI model) Physical (OSI model)

Question 58

The key similarities are in the transport and network layers; however, the two models differ in how they relate to the layers above and below each layer: * OSI Layer 3, the network layer, maps directly to the TCP/IP internet layer. This layer is used to describe protocols that address and route messages through an internetwork. * OSI Layer 4, the transport layer, maps directly to the TCP/IP transport layer. This layer describes general services and functions that provide ordered and reliable delivery of data between source and destination hosts. * The TCP/IP application layer includes several protocols that provide specific functionality to a variety of end user applications. The OSI model Layers 5, 6, and 7 are used as references for application software developers and vendors to produce applications that operate on networks. * Both the TCP/IP and OSI models are commonly used when referring to protocols at various layers. Because the OSI model separates the data link layer from the physical layer, it is commonly used when referring to these lower layers. ## Footnote Application (TCP/IP model) Application (OSI model) Presentation (OSI model) Session (OSI model) /// Transport (TCP/IP model) Transport (OSI model) /// Internet (TCP/IP model) Network (OSI model) /// Network Access (TCP/IP model) Data Link (OSI model) Physical (OSI model)

Answer 58

Noted

Question 59

# 5.3.6 Check Your Understanding - Network Communication Models **Which protocol is responsible for guaranteeing reliable delivery?** ◯ TCP ◯ IP ◯ Ethernet ◯ HTTP

Answer 59

TCP ## Footnote Transport Control Protocol (TCP) is responsible for guaranteeing reliable delivery.

Question 60

# 5.3.6 Check Your Understanding - Network Communication Models **Which protocol is used by routers to forward messages?** ◯ TCP ◯ Ethernet ◯ IP ◯ HTTP

Answer 60

IP ## Footnote Internet Protocol (IP) is used by routers to forward messages.

Question 61

# 5.3.6 Check Your Understanding - Network Communication Models **Which two layers of the OSI Model maps directly as the single network access layer in the TCP/IP model? (Choose two)** ▢ session ▢ application ▢ data link ▢ network ▢ physical ▢ transport ▢ presentation

Answer 61

data link physical ## Footnote The OSI model data link and network layers correspond to the network access layer in the TCP/IP model.

Question 62

# 5.3.6 Check Your Understanding - Network Communication Models **IP addressing occurs at what layer of the OSI Model?** ◯ transport ◯ network ◯ session ◯ application ◯ data link ◯ physical ◯ presentation

Answer 62

network ## Footnote IP addressing occurs at the network layer.

Question 63

# 5.4 Communication Principles Summary **Communication Protocol** Protocols are required for computers to properly communicate across the network. These include message format, message size, timing, encoding, encapsulation, and message patterns. * **Message format** - When a message is sent, it must use a specific format or structure. * **Message size** - The rules that govern the size of the pieces communicated across the network are very strict. They can also be different, depending on the channel used. * **Timing** - Timing determines the speed at which the bits are transmitted across the network. It also affects when an individual host can send data and the total amount of data that can be sent in any one transmission. * **Encoding** - Messages sent across the network are first converted into bits by the sending host. Each bit is encoded into a pattern of sounds, light waves, or electrical impulses depending on the network media over which the bits are transmitted. * **Encapsulation** - Each message transmitted on a network must include a header that contains addressing information that identifies the source and destination hosts. Encapsulation is the process of adding this information to the pieces of data that make up the message. * **Message pattern** - Some messages require an acknowledgment before the next message can be sent. This type of request/response pattern is a common aspect of many networking protocols. However, there are other types of messages that may be simply streamed across the network, without concern as to whether they reach their destination.

Answer 63

Noted

Question 64

# 5.4 Communication Principles Summary **Communication Standards** **Topologies** allow us to see the networking using representation of end devices and intermediary devices. How does a device see a network? Think of a device in a bubble. The only thing a device sees is its own addressing information. How does the device know it is on the same network as another device? The answer is **network protocols**. Most network communications are broken up into smaller data units, or **packets**. A **standard** is a set of rules that determines how something must be done. **Networking** and **internet standards** ensure that all devices connecting to the network implement the same set of rules or protocols in the same manner. Using standards, it is possible for different types of devices to send information to each other over the internet. An **internet standard** is the end result of a comprehensive cycle of discussion, problem solving, and testing. These different standards are developed, published, and maintained by a variety of organizations. When a new standard is proposed, each stage of the development and approval process is recorded in a **numbered RFC document** so that the evolution of the standard is tracked. RFCs for internet standards are published and managed by the **IETF**.

Answer 64

Noted

Question 65

# 5.4 Communication Principles Summary **Network Communication Models** **Protocols** are the rules that govern communications. Successful communication between hosts requires interaction between a number of protocols. Protocols include **HTTP**, **TCP**, **IP**, and **Ethernet**. These protocols are implemented in software and hardware that are installed on each host and networking device. The interaction between the different protocols on a device can be illustrated as a **protocol stack**. A stack illustrates the protocols as a layered hierarchy, with each higher-level protocol depending on the services of the protocols shown in the lower levels. The separation of functions enables each layer in the stack to operate independently of others. The suite of **TCP/IP protocols** that are used for internet communications follows the structure of this model: * **Application** - Represents data to the user, plus encoding and dialog control * **Transport** -Supports communication between various devices across diverse networks * **Internet** - Determines the best path through the network * **Network Access** - The hardware devices and media that make up the network. A **reference model** describes the functions that must be completed at a particular layer but does not specify exactly how a function should be accomplished. The primary purpose of a reference model is to aid in clearer understanding of the functions and processes necessary for network communications. The most widely known internetwork reference model was created by the OSI project at the International ISO. It is used for data network design, operation specifications, and troubleshooting. This model is commonly referred to as the **OSI model**.

Answer 65

Noted

Question 66

# 5.4 Communication Principles Summary **OSI Model Layer Description** * **7 – Application** - The application layer contains protocols used for process-to-process communications. * **6 – Presentation** - The presentation layer provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services. * **5 – Session** - The session layer provides services to the presentation layer to organize its dialogue and to manage data exchange. * **4 – Transport** - The transport layer defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications between the end devices. * **3 – Network** - The network layer provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network between identified end devices. * **2 - Data Link** - The data link layer protocols describe methods for exchanging data frames between devices over a common media * **1 – Physical** - The physical layer protocols describe the mechanical, electrical, functional, and procedural means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections for a bit transmission to and from a network device.

Answer 66

Noted

Question 67

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **What is the purpose of the OSI physical layer?** ◯ controlling access to media ◯ transmitting bits across the local media ◯ performing error detection on received frames ◯ exchanging frames between nodes over physical network media

Answer 67

transmitting bits across the local media

Question 68

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **Which statement is correct about network protocols?** ◯ Network protocols define the type of hardware that is used and how it is mounted in racks. ◯ They define how messages are exchanged between the source and the destination. ◯ They all function in the network access layer of TCP/IP. ◯ They are only required for exchange of messages between devices on remote networks.

Answer 68

They define how messages are exchanged between the source and the destination.

Question 69

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **Which three acronyms/initialisms represent standards organizations? (Choose three.)** ▢ IANA ▢ TCP/IP ▢ IEEE ▢ IETF ▢ OSI ▢ MAC

Answer 69

IANA IEEE IETF

Question 70

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **What networking term describes a particular set of rules at one layer that govern communication at that layer?** ◯ duplex ◯ encapsulation ◯ error checking ◯ protocol

Answer 70

protocol

Question 71

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **Which layer of the OSI model defines services to segment and reassemble data for individual communications between end devices?** ◯ application ◯ presentation ◯ session ◯ transport ◯ network

Answer 71

transport

Question 72

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **What is the purpose of protocols in data communications?** ◯ specifying the bandwidth of the channel or medium for each type of communication ◯ specifying the device operating systems that will support the communication ◯ providing the rules required for a specific type of communication to occur ◯ dictating the content of the message sent during communication

Answer 72

providing the rules required for a specific type of communication to occur

Question 73

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **Which term refers to the set of rules that define how a network operates?** ◯ standard ◯ protocol ◯ model ◯ domain

Answer 73

standard

Question 74

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **Which three layers of the OSI model make up the application layer of the TCP/IP model? (Choose three.)** ▢ data link ▢ network ▢ transport ▢ session ▢ presentation ▢ application

Answer 74

session presentation application

Question 75

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **Which organization publishes and manages the Request for Comments (RFC) documents?** ◯ IEEE ◯ ISO ◯ IETF ◯ TIA/EIA

Answer 75

IETF

Question 76

# 5.4.3 Communications Principles Quiz **Which two OSI model layers have the same functionality as a single layer of the TCP/IP model? (Choose two.)** ▢ data link ▢ network ▢ physical ▢ session ▢ transport

Answer 76

data link physical