Module 5 - People of Nigeria before 1800 Flashcards
CONTENTS 1.0. Objectives 2.0. Main Content 2. 1. Hausa Culture 2.2. Yoruba Culture 2.3. Igbo Culture 3.0. Conclusion (222 cards)
1
Q
What are the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria?
A
Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo
2
Q
Who is considered the mythical ancestor of the Hausa people?
A
Bayajidda
3
Q
In which centuries did Bayajidda migrate to the Kanem-Bornu Empire?
A
9th - 10th century
4
Q
What is the name of the city where Bayajidda killed the snake?
A
Daura
5
Q
What are the seven Hausa city-states known as?
A
Hausa bakwai
6
Q
What is the title of the head of a typical Hausa state?
A
Sarki
7
Q
What does ‘Sarkin Kasar’ mean?
A
Ruler of the land
8
Q
What significant change occurred in the socio-political organization of Hausa States between the 14th and 15th centuries?
A
Adoption of Islam
9
Q
What law began to shape the judicial system in Hausaland with the Islamization?
A
Sharia law
10
Q
What is the Hausa term for the formal introduction of the groom’s family to the bride’s family?
A
Gaisuwa
11
Q
What is the bride price known as in Hausa culture?
A
Sadaki
12
Q
What is the significance of the naming ceremony in Hausa land?
A
It is a tradition to assign names to newborns
13
Q
During the pre-religious era, who typically assigned names to newborns in Hausa land?
A
Seven elderly persons of the community
14
Q
What plant was used for inscribing names during the pre-religious naming ceremony?
A
Kenaf plant (Rama)
15
Q
When is the naming ceremony held after a child is born in the religious era?
A
On the seventh day
16
Q
What is one factor influencing names given to children in Hausa land?
A
Birth situation
17
Q
What is the Hausa name for someone born during the rainy season?
A
Anaruwa
18
Q
True or False: The Hausa people consume alcohol publicly.
A
False
19
Q
What is considered a taboo regarding clothing for women in Hausa culture?
A
Indecent dressing
20
Q
What is the traditional breakfast food commonly eaten by Hausa people?
A
Koko and kosai
21
Q
What is ‘Tuwo’ made from?
A
Flour of maize, millet, or guinea corn
22
Q
What is the traditional attire for Hausa men called?
A
Babban Riga
23
Q
What is the Hausa women’s wrap-around robe called?
A
Abaya
24
Q
What traditional occupation involves making weapons and cooking utensils?
A
Blacksmithing
25
According to Rev. Samuel Johnson, where did the Yoruba originally come from?
East (North-Eastern area of Africa)
26
What significant cultural similarities do the Yoruba share with the Egyptians?
Religious observances, works of arts, burial practices
27
What is the historical significance of Ile-Ife for the Yoruba people?
It is where they finally settled after their journey
28
What is Rev. Samuel Johnson's version of the Yoruba origins?
The Yoruba originated from the East, specifically the North-Eastern area of Africa, and settled in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
## Footnote
Johnson's conclusion highlights cultural similarities with Egyptians as evidence of this origin.
29
Who is believed to be the first leader that led the Yoruba to Ile-Ife?
Oduduwa.
## Footnote
Oduduwa is also credited with sending his sons and grandsons to establish other Yoruba kingdoms.
30
What is the significance of Mecca in the Yoruba's cultural imagination?
Mecca is viewed as the East, and everything from the East is associated with it.
## Footnote
This belief reinforces the idea of the Yoruba's origins being linked to the East.
31
What is the legend surrounding Oke Oramfe?
Oke Oramfe is believed to be the center from which the world was created, involving a narrative of messengers sent by God.
## Footnote
Obatala, or Orisa Nla, is mentioned as the leader among these messengers.
32
What event led to Oduduwa becoming the ruler in the creation legend?
Oduduwa seized authority from Obatala after he got drunk and led the party to the world.
## Footnote
Upon arrival, Oduduwa placed a lump of earth on five pieces of iron, leading to the formation of the earth.
33
When was the Oyo Empire founded?
In the middle of the fifteen century.
## Footnote
Oyo later became very powerful and prosperous, extending its authority to present-day Benin.
34
Who is credited with founding the Oyo Empire?
Oranmiyan, the son of Oduduwa.
## Footnote
Oranmiyan also established the present Benin monarchy.
35
What unique feature did the Oyo Empire's government system have?
It had in-built checks and balances that contributed to its stability.
## Footnote
This was rare for empires during the sixteenth century.
36
What title was given to the head of the Oyo Empire?
Alaafin.
## Footnote
The Alaafin was also known as the 'Lord of many lands'.
37
Who assisted the Alaafin in his administration?
A retinue of officials, including priests, officials, and eunuchs.
## Footnote
The Alaafin had a well-organized court as part of his administration.
38
What role did the Oyomesi play in the Oyo Empire?
They acted as a council of king makers and could select or remove the Alaafin.
## Footnote
The Oyomesi was headed by Bashorun, who acted as the prime minister.
39
What was the expected fate of a deposed Alaafin?
He was expected to commit suicide.
## Footnote
This was a traditional expectation for a ruler who was removed from power.
40
True or False: The Alaafin of Oyo had absolute power.
False.
## Footnote
Although he was theoretically the fountain of authority, his powers were limited by the Oyomesi.
41
What is the Ogboni cult?
A powerful arm of government in Yoruba society, composed of free and prominent members, which mediates conflicts between the Oyomesi and the Alaafin.
42
What title is given to the head of the Army in traditional Yoruba society?
Are-Ona-Kankanfo
43
What are the key functions of the Army in the Oyo Empire?
* Stability of the empire
* Expansion
* Keeping dissident territories in check
44
Who administers provincial governments in the Oyo Empire?
Princes, minor kings, and baales, all subject to the Alaafin.
45
What is the significance of the Bere annual festival for the Alaafin?
It acknowledges the renewal of allegiance from provincial governors.
46
What is the first step in the Yoruba wedding ceremony?
Courtship, where the young man identifies a young woman he loves.
47
What is an alarina in Yoruba culture?
A go-between in the courtship process.
48
What items are typically brought by the groom's family during the introduction to the bride's family?
Gifts to declare their intent to marry the bride.
49
What does aso-oke represent in Yoruba weddings?
Royalty and wealth.
50
What is the groom expected to wear for a proper Yoruba wedding?
Agbada, consisting of sokoto, buba, and agbada, topped with fila.
51
What roles do Alaga-iduro and Alaga-ijoko play in Yoruba weddings?
They are Masters of Ceremony ensuring smooth running of the event.
52
What is the engagement items list known as in Yoruba culture?
Eru Iyawo List
53
List three items from the Yoruba engagement gifts list.
* Engagement rings
* Big suitcase containing clothes
* Keg of palm wine
54
What is the bride price referred to in Yoruba culture?
Owo Ori
55
What does the act of returning the bride price symbolize?
The bride's worth is far more than money, indicating she is not for sale.
56
What is the name of the ritual when the bride is escorted to her new home?
Ekun Iyawo
57
What is the purpose of the naming ceremony in Yoruba culture?
To give a newborn baby a name.
58
At what age is a naming ceremony typically held for a child in Yoruba culture?
Eight days old.
59
Who typically performs the naming ceremony?
The oldest family member.
60
What materials are used to bless the baby during the naming ceremony?
* Honey
* Sugar
* Kolanut
* Bitter kola
* Alligator pepper
* Water
* Palm oil
* Sugarcane
* Salt
* Liquor
61
What does the Yoruba maxim 'ilè làá wò kató sọ ọmọlórúkọ' emphasize?
The condition of the home determines a child's name.
62
List two factors that may motivate the choice of names in Yoruba culture.
* Family situation
* Birth circumstances
63
What does the name 'ayọ̀mideji' mean?
My joy has doubled.
64
What does the name 'ọ̀tẹ́gbẹ̀ye' signify?
Conspiracy deprived us of our honor.
65
What does the name ajéníyà mean?
success has suffering
## Footnote
This name reflects the hardships parents endured during the birth of a child.
66
What significance do names have among the Yoruba people?
Names document parents' experiences and histories.
67
What does the name ọ̀tẹ́gbẹ̀ye signify?
conspiracy deprived us of our honor
## Footnote
Given to a male child born shortly after parents faced conspiracies affecting their entitlements.
68
What does the name ọlániyọ̀nu mean?
honor is full of troubles
## Footnote
Reflects the tribulations faced by parents due to their reputation.
69
What does the name Fìjàbí mean?
born while in conflict
## Footnote
Given to a child born during war or community rivalry.
70
What does orúkọ àmútọrunwá mean?
a name brought from heaven
## Footnote
Indicates a child born with a unique posture.
71
What does the name ìgè signify?
born feet first
72
What does the name àjàyí mean?
born face down
73
What does the name ọ̀kẹ́ translate to?
born with amniotic sac
74
What does the name òjó signify?
male child born with umbilical cord twined around neck
75
What does the name àìná mean?
female child born with umbilical cord twined around neck
76
What does the name dàda indicate?
born with knotted hair or dreads
77
What does the name olúgbódi mean?
born with the sixth finger
78
What do names based on birth circumstances reflect?
They describe the physical condition of a child at delivery, posture, or position.
79
What significance do names based on social events have?
They indicate the time or moment when a child was born.
80
What does the name abíọ́dún mean?
born during a festive period
81
What does the name abọ́dúndé signify?
come with the new year
82
What does the name abíọ́yè mean?
born during coronation
83
What does the name abíogun mean?
born during war
84
What does the name ogundínà indicate?
war blocked us
85
What does the name ogunléndé mean?
war pursued me
86
Fill in the blank: Names such as Ogundínà and Ogunléndé denote that a child was born during _______.
fierce moments of war
87
True or False: Names given to children born during social events are perceived as potentially strong.
True
88
What is the name of the first twin in Yoruba culture?
Táyéwò (also known as Táíwò)
## Footnote
Táyéwò means 'taste the world to see'.
89
What is the name given to the second twin?
Kẹ́hìndé
## Footnote
Kẹ́hìndé means 'last to come'.
90
What does the name Ìdòwú signify in Yoruba naming tradition?
One that comes after twins
91
What is the name of the child born after Ìdòwú?
Àlàbá
92
What is the significance of the name Kẹ́hìndé in relation to Táyéwò?
Kẹ́hìndé is considered Táyéwò's senior despite being born second.
93
What belief underlies the naming of twins in Yoruba culture?
The first twin, Táyéwò, is a forerunner who checks the world for Kẹ́hìndé.
94
What is an example of a name given to a male child born after multiple losses?
Àjàní ('fight to have')
95
What is an example of a name given to a female child born after multiple losses?
Àbẹ̀bí ('a child who was begged to be born')
96
Which prefix is commonly used to indicate names associated with hunters in Yoruba?
Ọdẹ
97
What does the name Ògúnjìmí mean?
Ogún has given this child to me to keep
98
Name a Yoruba deity associated with iron.
Ogún
99
What does the name Ọ̀ṣunfúnkẹ́ signify?
Ọ̀sun-deity-gave-me-(a child)-to-pamper
100
Which Yoruba deity is known as the god of wisdom?
Ifá
101
What type of names do Yoruba children receive based on their family's profession?
Profession-oriented names
102
What prefix indicates a name from a family of warriors?
Akin
103
What does the name Akínwálé mean?
The strong one has come home
104
What is the significance of death-prevention names in Yoruba culture?
They are given to children believed to have prearranged their deaths.
105
What does the name kúforíjì mean?
Death, forgive this one
106
True or False: In Yoruba culture, feminine names often reflect action or responsibility.
False
107
Fill in the blank: The name Àlàbá is given to the child born after _______.
Ìdòwú
108
List three Yoruba deities and their associated domains.
* Ogún - god of iron
* Ifá - god of wisdom
* Ṣàngó - god of lightning and thunder
109
What does the name Ọ̀nàmúyiwá mean?
Artwork has brought this child
110
What is an example of a command-like death-prevention name?
málọmọ́ ('don’t go again')
111
What cultural belief is associated with the name àbíkú?
Born-to-die
112
What is the purpose of command-like death-prevention names?
To allow an àbíkú child to stay and not die again
## Footnote
These names are often used when parents are frustrated after losing many children.
113
What does the name 'málọmọ́' mean?
‘don’t go again’
114
What does the name 'máku' mean?
‘don’t die’
115
What does the name 'dúrójayé' mean?
‘wait to enjoy life’
116
What does the name 'dúrósimí' mean?
‘wait to bury me’
117
What does the name 'dúrótìmí' mean?
‘wait with me’
118
What does the name 'bánjókòó' mean?
‘sit down or stay with me’
119
What does the name 'bámitálẹ́' mean?
‘stay with me till the night’
120
What is the significance of nagging or nasty death-prevention names?
They reflect frustrations and emotions of parents towards the àbíkú child
## Footnote
These names can be associated with negative attributes or situations.
121
What does the name 'akísàátán' mean?
‘no more rags’
122
What does the name 'ìgbẹ́kọ̀yí' mean?
‘the bush rejects this’
123
What does the name 'emèrè' mean?
‘the bewitched’
124
What does the name 'kílànkó' mean?
‘what are we gathering’
125
What is the implication of the name 'akísàátán' for the àbíkú child?
It humiliates the child by implying they deserve only rags
## Footnote
This reflects the parents' inability to provide proper burial clothing.
126
What does the name 'ìgbẹ́kòyí' imply about the àbíkú child?
The child would be rejected in case of dying again
127
What factors determine the choice of a personal name among the Yoruba?
Various social factors, beliefs, and cultural orientations
## Footnote
This includes aspects like birth-order, manner of birth, and infant mortality.
128
What do Yoruba personal names reflect?
People’s beliefs and cultural orientations about various aspects of life
## Footnote
This includes societal values, philosophical thoughts, and religious systems.
129
What functions do names perform in Yoruba society?
They carry specific cultural information and reflect societal values
130
What are Taboos?
Actions or customs that are prohibited or restricted to people
131
What is the significance of Taboos in Yoruba culture?
They are part of what they hold sacred and reflect their cultural values
132
What happens if a king looks into his crown?
He will die or suffer severe consequences
133
What does pounding an empty mortar symbolize in Yoruba culture?
It is believed you’re pounding your children
134
What is prohibited for pregnant women in the afternoon?
Walking outside, especially around 1 pm
135
What is the taboo associated with beating a male child with a broom?
It is believed that their manhood will disappear or reduce
136
During which festival is it taboo for non-members to see the Oro cult members?
Oro Festival
137
What is considered a great abomination in Yoruba land?
Committing suicide
138
What must not be killed in Yoruba land?
Vultures and other decomposer birds
139
What is prohibited while it is raining?
Collecting rain with the hand (palm)
140
What is the taboo regarding adultery for Yoruba women?
A married woman must not have sexual relations with any man other than her husband
141
What is believed to happen if a baby falls from his/her mother’s back?
The child will face misfortune in adulthood
142
Which types of meat are considered unclean in Yoruba culture?
Dog meat, pork, and cat meat
143
What is the stance on same-sex relations in Yoruba culture?
They are forbidden and considered an abomination
144
What is believed to happen when men and women whistle at night?
It invites demons and evil spirits into the house
145
What are some core values of Yoruba culture?
* Wisdom
* Integrity
* Valour
* Hard work
* Honour
* Humility
* Respect for elders
146
What happens if you walk past a Yoruba person without greeting?
You are perceived as uncultured and disrespectful
147
What hand should you use to give items to others in Yoruba culture?
Right hand
148
How should you address your elder siblings in Yoruba culture?
By adding a prefix like aunt, uncle, brother, or sister
149
What is expected when parents have visitors?
You should leave to avoid eavesdropping
150
When dining with a Yoruba family, when should you eat your meat?
Last
151
What are staple foods in Yoruba culture?
* Yam
* Cassava
* Plantain
* Corn
* Beans
152
What are some common Yoruba foods?
* Iyan (pounded yam)
* Amala
* Eba
* Semovita
* Fufu
* Moin Moin
* Akara
153
What traditional attire do Yoruba men wear?
* Buba
* Agbada
* Sokoto
* Caps (Gobi, tinko, etc.)
154
What traditional attire do Yoruba women wear?
* Iro
* Buba
* Gele
* Iborun
* Tobi
* Sinmi
155
What is the significance of gele in Yoruba women's attire?
It is essential and must be worn with the iro and buba
156
What is the primary occupation of Yoruba men?
Farming
157
What cash crop is significant in Yoruba agriculture?
Cocoa
158
What traditional crafts are Yoruba known for?
* Blacksmithing
* Weaving
* Leatherworking
* Glassmaking
* Ivory and wood carving
159
What method did Yoruba bronze casting reach peak excellence in?
Lost-wax (cire perdue) method
160
What occupations do Yoruba women engage in?
* Cotton spinning
* Basketry
* Dyeing
161
What language family does the Igbo belong to?
Ongo language family
162
List the main cultural divisions of the Igbo.
* Northern
* Southern
* Western
* Eastern or Cross River
* Northeastern
163
How were the Igbo organized before European colonization?
Lived in autonomous local communities
164
What significant political action did the Igbo attempt in 1967?
Unilaterally secede from Nigeria as the independent nation of Biafra
165
What was the estimated population of the Igbo by the turn of the 21st century?
About 20 million
166
True or False: The Igbo share a common basic culture despite cultural diversity.
True
167
What linguistic characteristic do the Igbo share?
A cluster of dialects that are mutually intelligible
168
What type of political system do the Igbo share?
Decentralization of power and delegation of authority
169
Fill in the blank: The holders of the staff of authority in the Igbo political system are called _______.
Ofo
170
What is the origin of the Igbo ethnic group?
The origin of the Igbo people is a mystery and a subject of greater controversy than any other ethnic group in Nigeria.
171
Which ethnic group in Nigeria has a more mystical historical origin than the Igbo?
No other ethnic group in Nigeria has a more mystical historical origin than the Igbo.
172
What does the term 'acephalous' refer to in the context of Igbo society?
Acephalous refers to the Igbo society's lack of a centralized government or kings.
173
What is the Israeli version of Igbo origin?
The Israeli version suggests that the Igbo people originated from Israel, based on cultural similarities with ancient Hebrews.
174
Which version of Igbo origin claims that the Igbo have always inhabited their current location?
The Igbo land Centered Version.
175
Who is Eri in the context of Igbo origin?
Eri is considered the ancestor of the Igbo in the Nri Version, who descended from the sky.
176
What is the Amala Oha in traditional Igbo society?
Amala Oha is a form of general assembly where all male adult members meet to perform legislative functions.
177
What is the primary focus of the socio-political organization of the Igbo ethnic group?
The primary focus is on village-centered governance and direct democracy.
178
What are the seven steps of the Igbo wedding process?
1. First Introduction/Knocking On the Door
2. Family Background Investigation
3. Follow-Up Visit for the Discussion of the Bridal List
4. Dowry Negotiations
5. Traditional Wedding Ceremony
6. New Home Sendoff Gifts by the Bride’s Parents
179
What occurs during the First Introduction/Knocking On the Door step of an Igbo wedding?
The groom visits the bride's family to announce his intention to marry her.
180
What is the purpose of the family background investigation in Igbo marriage?
To learn more about each other's families through inquiries and gather information about family character and health.
181
What is included in the Bridal List in Igbo culture?
Items such as tubers of yam, large bags of rice, alcoholic drinks, cash gifts, kola nuts, goats/cows, and jewelry.
182
What is the traditional wedding ceremony in Igbo culture called?
Igba Nkwu (The Wine Carrying Ceremony).
183
What is the significance of the Wine Carrying Ceremony?
The bride carries wine to her groom, symbolizing the union and acceptance of marriage.
184
What do the bride's parents typically provide as part of the New Home Sendoff Gifts?
Gifts can include a fridge, cooking utensils, cash gifts, and more.
185
True or False: The dowry in traditional Igbo marriage is a set amount that must be paid.
False. The dowry amount is negotiated between the families.
186
Fill in the blank: The socio-political organization of the Igbo ethnic group is fundamentally based on _______.
age grades or age and titled societies.
187
What is the tradition of New Home Sendoff Gifts in Igbo culture?
A tradition where the bride’s family showers their newlywed daughter with house gifts to start her new married life.
## Footnote
Gifts can include items like a fridge, cooking utensils, beddings, and cash.
188
When can the bride’s parents present New Home Sendoff Gifts?
They can present the gifts on the night of the traditional marriage, days later, or after the religious wedding.
189
What is the significance of the Bride’s Family First Visit to the Newlyweds’ Home?
It allows the bride’s family to check on their daughter’s well-being and confirm her happiness in her new home.
190
What is the Igbo term for the Bride’s Family First Visit to the Newlyweds’ Home?
Imata Ụlọ Di
191
What occurs during the Bride’s Family First Visit?
The newlyweds prepare food and drinks, and both families engage in casual conversation.
192
What is the naming ceremony called in Igbo culture?
Ikuputanwa or igu nwa aha
193
When is a child’s naming ceremony typically held in Igbo culture?
On either the 7th or 12th day after birth.
194
What is the significance of the Nzu in the naming ceremony?
It is a mark of purity of heart, goodwill, and welcome for the new child.
195
What do the Igbo believe about a child before they are named?
The child belongs to two kingdoms: the kingdom of humans and that of unborn children.
196
What traditional food is commonly consumed with Igbo soups?
Utara na Ofe (Swallow and soup)
197
What is Ji in Igbo culture?
Yam, a staple food among the Igbos.
198
What does Abacha refer to in Igbo cuisine?
African salad made from cassava, often served as an appetizer.
199
What is Okpa known as in Igbo culture?
King’s meal or lion’s food, made from bambara flour.
200
What is Nkwobi?
A delicacy made from various meats, popular in eastern Nigeria.
201
What is Ji Mmiri Oku?
A yam and dried fish pepper soup porridge traditionally prepared for new mothers.
202
What is Ukwa made from?
Fresh breadfruit.
203
What is Achicha made from?
Dry cocoyam, often prepared with fresh akidi or just scent leaf.
204
What does the term Ogbanje refer to in Igbo beliefs?
A 'wicked' child who continually re-enters its mother’s womb only to die again.
205
What is the significance of wine carrying in Igbo marriage customs?
A man carries a keg of palm wine to ask a woman's father for her hand in marriage, and it must not fall before reaching the destination.
206
What is considered a bad omen in relation to plantain in Igbo culture?
Two fingers of plantain joined together.
207
Why are pythons considered sacred in Igbo land?
They are believed to be the reincarnation of ancestors and regarded as guardians.
208
What is a common modern name in Igbo culture that starts with 'Chi'?
Chika (God is great)
209
What does the name Ozoemena mean?
It means 'another misfortune not happen' or 'never again'.
210
What is a significant factor influencing the shift in Igbo naming conventions?
The change in religious orientation of the Igbo people.
211
What is considered a bad omen when separating plantains?
Separating plantains without looking can lead to the birth of conjoined twins
## Footnote
This belief is rooted in cultural superstitions among the Igbo people.
212
Why are pythons regarded as sacred in Igbo land?
Pythons are seen as the reincarnation of ancestors and as guardians of the land/underworld
## Footnote
Killing a python is akin to killing one’s own father.
213
What is the taboo surrounding suicide in Igbo culture?
Suicide is forbidden and the body must not be buried within the community
## Footnote
The body is cursed and must be buried in a forbidden forest or outside the town.
214
What hand is forbidden to use for various tasks in Igbo culture?
The left hand (aka ekpe) is strictly prohibited regardless of left-handedness
## Footnote
Elders consider using the left hand disrespectful.
215
What is an Osu in Igbo culture?
An Osu is an outcast within the caste system and marrying one is taboo
## Footnote
Osu individuals are considered the property of the gods.
216
List some key values emphasized in traditional Igbo culture.
* Community
* Family
* Respect for elders
* Life
* Hospitality
* Diligence
* Accountability
* Integrity
* Truthfulness
* Honesty
* Loyalty
* Dignity of labour
## Footnote
These values influence interactions within the community and with non-Igbos.
217
What characterized the traditional attire of the Igbo people?
Little clothing was worn, primarily to conceal private parts; children were often nude until puberty
## Footnote
Uli body art and various ornaments were also part of traditional attire.
218
What is the modern Igbo traditional attire for men?
The Isiagu top, often patterned with lions’ heads, worn with trousers and a hat
## Footnote
The hat can be a ceremonial title holder’s hat or a conventional striped hat.
219
What are the staple crops traditionally grown by the Igbo?
* Yams
* Cassava
* Taro
* Corn (maize)
* Melons
* Okra
* Pumpkins
* Beans
## Footnote
Men typically cultivate yams, while women grow other crops.
220
What roles do Igbo women play in the economy?
Igbo women engage in trade, local crafts, and are influential in local politics
## Footnote
They are also involved in agriculture and various occupations.
221
What traditional occupations are common among the Igbo?
* Subsistence farming
* Trading
* Local crafts
* Palm wine tapping
* Blacksmithing
* Divination and herbalism
## Footnote
Many Igbo have become civil servants and entrepreneurs post-independence.
222
What was the major focus of the module regarding Nigerian cultures?
The focus was on the three major ethnic groups: Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo
## Footnote
It discusses the cultural shifts from traditional practices to contemporary society.
