Module 5 - PHAR 100 Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
Drugs restricted to sale by prescription only are…
A
Prescription drugs
2
Q
Drugs that can be sold to the general public without prescription are…
A
Non-prescription drugs or OTC
3
Q
________ drugs are sold without a prescription based on the premise that the general public is able to diagnose mild symptoms and to select appropriate agents to treat these symptoms.
A
Over the counter
4
Q
What are three general guidelines for using OTC drugs?
A
- Be familiar with illness - symptoms are mild
- If adverse effects, stop taking immediately
- Consult local pharmacist when taking OTC drug
5
Q
Who controls sale of OTC?
A
Food and Drugs Act (control safety, efficacy, advertising and sale of these products)
6
Q
Extensive clinical trails conducted before OTCs (which were available by prescription)
A
7
Q
Is it true that all OTC have been subject to randomized control trials?
A
False
8
Q
What is grandparenting?
A
Been on market for decades
9
Q
What are four factors to consider when choosing an OTC?
A
Proven Efficacy and Known Toxicity - best OTC will have proven efficacy for condition
Simple Formulations - best will have simple formulations
Brand vs Generic - best will not necessarily be best, generic can be just as effective
Appropriate and Effective Dose - best comes in appropriate dose form (ex. liquid for children) - contain therapeutically effective dose of active ingredient (many have too low of a dose to be effective)
10
Q
What do internal analgesics help with?
A
Provide relief from pain
11
Q
What are three common OTC analgesics?
A
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)
Acetaminophen
Non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs (NSAIDS)
12
Q
What is another name for Acetylsalicylic acid?
A
Aspirin
13
Q
What does ASA effectively relieve (3)? In addition, low doses have been shown to prevent … and …
A
Pain, fever, inflammation
Stroke and heart attack
14
Q
ASA inhibits the synthesis of … which are endogenous substances that enhance the mediation of pain and fever and have a role in inflammation
A
prostaglandins
15
Q
ASA inhibits … and hence, clot formation
A
platelet aggregation
16
Q
What are four adverse effects of ASA?
A
Gastric irritation, Tinnitus, Reye’s Syndrome, Allergic Reactions (yellow dye)
17
Q
What is Reye’s Syndrome?
A
Associated with Reye’s syndrome in children when given during a fever. Rare but serious illness affecting the central nervous system
18
Q
What is the most widely used OTC analgesic and comprises more than 50% of the market?
A
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
19
Q
What is the mechanism of action of acetaminophen?
A
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetases (cyclooxygenase I and II), which are responsible for forming prostaglandins.
20
Q
What is the therapeutic use of acetaminophen?
A
Analgesic and antipyretic
21
Q
Is acetaminophen an effective anti-inflammatory medication?
A
No
22
Q
Why is acetaminophen suitable for children?
A
Liquid form available and suitable for children and infants
23
Q
When is acetaminophen the drug of choice instead of ASA?
A
When ASA causes gastric irritation and in febrile conditions in children and young adults (not associated with Reye’s syndrome)
24
Q
Is acetaminophen well tolerated? Does it cause gastric irritation?
A
Well tolerated
No gastric irritation
25
What can acetaminophen overdose lead to?
Fatal liver injury. Individual consumes 5-10 grams in cases of overdose.
26
Who is more susceptible to liver toxicity (acetaminophen)?
Individuals with alcohol use disorder or liver disease
- liver injury can occur with large therapeutic doses if taken for a long time
27
What is an issue with acetaminophen?
Contained in multiple products, can accidentally overdose by using two or three cold preparations containing acetaminophen
28
What are examples of NSAIDs?
Ibuprofin (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve)
29
What are NSAIDs used for?
Analgesics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory
30
A 200mg dose of ... is more effective than a 325 mg dose of ASA in a number of conditions, including dental and menstrual pain
ibuprofen
31
... and ... are among the most effective OTC anti-inflammatory agents available.
Ibuprofen and naproxen
32
What are the adverse effects of NSAIDs?
Gastric irritation, skin rash, dizziness, blurred vision, fluid retention
33
When is arachidonic acid released?
When tissue damage happens
34
What type of prostaglandin does Cox-1 convert arachidonic acid to?
Protective
35
Which type of prostaglandin is involved in beneficial processes like gastroprotection, platelet aggregation, renal protection, vasodilation, etc?
Protective
36
What type of prostaglandin does Cox-2 convert arachidonic acid to?
Inflammatory
37
What prostaglandin causes inflammation, pain, fever, decreased platelet aggregation?
Inflammatory
38
Do all NSAIDs, ASA, and amphetamine inhibit Cox-1 and 2 in the same way?
No, that's why acetaminophen do not help with inflammation
39
What is an example of a topical product (analgesic/anti-inflammatory) that relieves pain associated with minor sprains and joint pain (it's an NSAID)?
Topical diclofenac
40
What are antihistamines used for?
Treatment of allergy symptoms (ex. hay fever).
41
How do antihistamines work?
Block histamine receptors, inhibiting the binding of histamine to its receptor, decreasing allergy symptoms.
42
What are the two types of classifications of antihistamines?
First and second (slight differences in pharmacology)
43
Diphenhydramine is an example of a what generation antihistamine? Why?
First, causes sedation and drowsiness
44
Cetirizine is a what generation antihistamine? Why?
Second generation, less sedating
45
Which is preferred antihistamine? First or second generation?
Second
46
What are drugs for excess stomach acid designed to do (2)?
Decrease stomach acid secretion
Neutralize stomach acid
47
What is an example of a drug for excess stomach acid that functions to chemically neutralize acid in the stomach? What pH do they try to keep the gastric contents at? What type of reaction do they neutralize gastric acid by?
Antacids
4
Neutralize by acid-base reactions
48
What are two classes which target acid secretion in the stomach?
H2 Inhibitors, proton pump inhibitors
49
How does acid secretion work?
Acid secretion is an active process where H+ are transferred into the stomach in exchange for K+, carried out by proton pump
50
These types of antacids are given orally and absorbed by the GI tract?
Systemic
51
These types of antacids are also given orally, but are not absorbed, and do not cause systemic alkalosis.
Non-Systemic
52
What is an example of a systemic antacid?
Calcium carbonate (Tums) rapidly neutralizes stomach acid and is well tolerated.
53
What happens if you ingest Tums n large amounts? (2)
Hypercalcemia and systemic alkalosis
54
What is an example of non-systemic antacid? What does it have the fastest of? What can it decrease absorption of?
Aluminum hydroxide coats mucosal lining of stomach, protecting it from the acid. Fastest onset of action, but can decrease phosphate absorption, decreases absorption of other prescription drugs, and causes constipation.
55
How do H2 receptor antagonists work? Are these more effective than antacids? Do they have many adverse events?
Without histamine receptors (H2), the acid secreting cells of the stomach are activating, the proton pump is turned on and acid secretion is increased.
With H2 receptor antagonist, it blocks H2 receptors, reducing the amount of acid secreted. These are more effective than antacids. Free of major adverse events.
56
Are histamine receptors in stomach distinct from those that cause allergies?
Yes
57
What is omeprazole an example of?
Proton pump inhibitor
58
What do PPIs bind to? What percent of acid secretion do they inhibit?
Permanently bind to proton pump, inhibiting acid secretion by 90% or more.
59
What are the most effective drugs available for suppressing acid secretion? What is the frequency of adverse effects? Where they available only by prescription until recently?
PPIs
Low, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain
Yes
60
Congestion is caused by the ... of small blood vessels which allows fluid to ... from the vessels into the spaces between cells
dilation, leak
61
What do decongestants cause, which prevents the accumulation of fluid?
Constriction of blood vessels
62
What are the drugs of choice? Are long or short acting preparations best?
Nose drop with 0.5% phenylephrine or oral tablet of pseudoephedrine. Long acting preparations are best.
63
What can long term use of decongestants lead to? How long should use not exceed?
Local irritation and chronic rhinitis. Use should not exceed three days
64
What are two common adverse effects of decongestants?
Rebound congestion
Alteration of blood pressure
65
A cough is a complex event involving signals from the... which are processed by the cough center in the .... of the brain.
bronchioles, medulla
66
Which should be suppressed? A productive or non productive cough?
Non-productive
67
What do centrally-acting cough suppressants block?
Processing of information in brain, reducing frequency of cough
68
What drug from module 3 is present in OTC cough suppressants?
codeine
69
What is an alternative OTC cough suppressant? (and the one of choice since codeine can cause opioid use disorder)
Dextromethorphan hydrobromide (HBr)
70
What is an effective dose of dextromethorphan?
20-30mg every 6 hours
71
What do peripheral cough suppressants block?
Nerve endings in throat and bronchioles, inhibiting stimulus to cough
72
What are the two types of cough suppressants?
Peripherally acting and centrally acting
73
In peripheral cough suppressants, what is added to vaporizers or rubbed on the throat or chest?
Camphors and menthol
74
What is a common sleep aid? What is it used for?
Melatonin in purified drug form
To combat jet lag after travelling across time zones or to adjust sleep-wake cycles (for shift workers)
75
What are NyQuil, Aleve PM types of? What have they added to them?
Night time preparations of OTC drugs.
Have added first generation antihistamines (diphenhydramine) to produce sedating effects.
76
First generation antihistamines and melatonin are of ... value in treating clinical insomnia
little
77
What do laxatives do? How? What are they used for?
Increase excretion of a soft-formed stool by increasing gut motility or hydration of stool. May be necessary to remove constipation or prior to radiology exam, bowel surgery, or for those suffering heart disease or hemorrhoids which straining would make worse.
78
What are two types of laxatives?
Stimulant
Bulk-forming and osmotic
79
What do stimulant laxatives do?
Increase motor activity of the intestine and increase secretion of mucus, water, and electrolytes in intestine (bisacodyl).
80
What are adverse effects of stimulant laxatives?
Cramping, water and electrolyte disturbances (adequate hydration needed), functional disturbances in GI tract (long term use)
81
What do bulk-forming laxatives do?
Swell in water to form emollient gell or viscous solution that maintains soft stool.
82
Are the bulk substances formed from bulk-forming laxatives digestable? What does that allow them to help stimulate
No, indirectly stimulate peristalsis.
83
What do osmotic laxatives do?
Draw water into stool, making it softer
84
How long does it take for bulk forming and osmotic laxatives to work?
2-3 days after therapy
85
What are the preferred laxatives?
Methylcellulose (bulk-forming) and polyethylene glycol (osmotic)
86
What are adverse effects of bulk-forming and osmotic laxatives?
Water and electrolyte disturbances, making adequate hydration essential
87
What are antidiarrheal agents used for? Should antidiarrheals be used if diarrhea accompanied by a fever or if blood or mucus in stool?
Control diarrhea - main concern is dehydration.
No - not if fever >38.5 degrees or if blood or mucus in stool
88
What are two types of antidiarrheals?
Adsorbents
Loperamide
89
What do adsorbents do? What type of diarrhea are they good for? What is an example?
Add bulk to GI tract and absorb toxins. Control acute symptoms of self-limiting diarrhea (ex. Pepto-Bismol)
90
What is loperamide used for? Does it penetrate into the CNS? What does it act on? What is it effective for?
- Synthetic opioid that does not penetrate CNS.
- Inhibits gut motility by acting on opioid receptors in GI tract, reducing peristaltic activity
- Effective for mild to moderate non-infectious traveller's diarrhea (inhibits cramps
91
What is the drug of choice for antidiarrheals?
Loperamide
92
What is 0.5% or 1.0% hydrocortisone used to treat?
Topical anti-inflammatory agent used for exposure to poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, insect bites, and any inflammatory condition treated topically
93
How is hydrocortisone different than calamine?
Produces anti-inflammatory response. Calamine just prevents itching.
94
75% of forms of skin cancer are caused by ... What can reduce risk of common skin cancers by 40-50%
UV radiation
Sunscreen
95
What are two types of sunscreen available?
Chemical - absorb UV rays before they can penetrate into skin
Physical - contain minerals that block and scatter UV rays before they can enter lower layers of skin
96
Avobenzene and octisalate are examples of what?
Chemical sunscreens
97
Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are examples of what?
Physical sunscreens
98
What SPF should you use?
>30
99
What are plants or plant parts that are used to prevent or treat illness called?80% of the world's population is reported to use this type of drug to treat illness and disease.
Herbal drugs
100
True or false: Both natural and human-made chemicals can be toxic
True
101
Botulinum toxin is made by a microorganism, is it toxic?
Yes
102
What are two reasons for growing popularity of herbals?
- health conscious (people believe herbals are safer)
- manufacturers and producers promote for financial gain (estimated sales in excess of $2 billion annually)
103
What are four main categories of medicinal/herbal products?
Allopathic medicine
Herbal medicine
Phytopharmaceuticals
Allopathic phytopharmaceuticals
104
________ refers to drugs used by mainstream medicine. These drugs have a drug identification number (DIN) from Health Canada and have undergone full testing for safety and efficacy
Allopathic medicine
105
___________ refers to plant products being sold to treat a condition and do not have a DIN. These products, often which are unpurified, often lack phase 3 clinical trial data.
Herbal medicine
106
__________ refer to drugs obtained from plants which are purified and used at therapeutic doses with scientific evidence of efficacy and documented toxicity
Phytopharmaceuticals
107
_________________ refer to drugs obtained and purified from plants that meet all the requirements of a drug (full safety and efficacy evaluation, DIN) and have full status as a drug.
Allopathic phytopharmaceuticals
108
What are the problem with herbals? (6)
1) Lack of randomized control trials
2) have to carefully interpret literature
3) lack of standardization
4) intentional adulteration (addition of substances other than herbal - like inactive material or dyes to increase weight, allopathic drugs to increase effectiveness like cocaine, NSAIDs, estrogen, sildenafil)
5) Differing global standards
6) Drug interactions with allopathic medicines - drug-drug interactions between prescription and herbal drugs, so important to notify physicians of the use of herbal medications
109
What is St John's Wort effective for?
Treating mild to moderate depression and heal wounds.
110
True or False: St. John's Wort is more effective than other antidepressants.
FALSE - it is LESS effective
111
True or False: St. John's Wort is more effective than placebo.
True
112
What are toxicities associated with St. John's Wort?
- syndrome associated with herb - confusion, agitation, shivering, fever, sweating, diarrhea, muscle spasms, tremor
- phototoxicity
- serotonin syndrome when taken with other drugs
113
Should you use products with St Johns Wart and ephedra?
No - additive CNS excitation
114
What is Aloe Vera good for?
Possibly effective for cold sores and minor skin irritations
115
Aloe vera is thought to increase ... of the skin
microcirculation
116
Ingestion should be avoided because it causes severe
diarrhea
117
What was reportedly used by Cleopatra to protect her skin from the ravages of the Egyptian sun?
Aloe vera
118
What is Devil's claw food for (2)? What do herbalists also recommend devil's claw for?
Osteoarthritis
Back pain
- migraine to kidney disease (mainly for treating inflammatory conditions)
119
Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database ranking
120
Which herbal's active ingredients are thought to be inactivated in the acid of the stomach?
Devil's claw
121
What is the main toxicity of Devil's claw?
Diarrhea
122
What is panax ginseng effective for?
thinking memory
erectile dysfunction
multiple-sclerosis related fatigue
sexual arousal
reducing risk of developing influenza
123
Panax ginseng is claimed to reduce... in a diabetic
blood sugar
124
What are toxicities associated with Panax Ginseng?
Headache, high blood pressure, bleeding
Increase insulin levels
125
Why should a diabetic taking insulin also not take ginseng?
Since it also increases insulin levels
126
What is echinacea for?
Common cold, herbalists recommend for wound healing and anti-inflammatory
127
Echinacea extracts have been found to stimulate T-...
lymphocytes
128
Are toxicities associated with Echinacea rare? What can it cause? Should patients with autoimmune disease use it?
Yes
Allergic reaction
No - any effect on immune system can make these conditions worse
129
What is valerian helpful for?
Mild insomnia, herbalists recommend for treatment of anxiety and panic attacks
130
What are toxicities associated with valerian?
Liver toxicity
May impair ability to operate a motor vehicle
131
What herbal drug aids in healing wounds and burns?
Aloe vera
132
What herbal drug is useful in treating inflammatory conditions?
Devil's claw
133
What herbal is useful in treating mild depression?
St John's Wort
134
What herbal is useful in prevention and treatment of the common cold?
Echinacea
135
What herbal is useful in treating nervous tension and panic attacks?
Valerian
136
What herbal is useful in reducing blood sugar, enhancement of memory and learning?
Panax ginseng
137
Vitamins are substances essential for the maintenance of normal metabolic function, are they made in the body? Which ones are made in the body?
Mostly no, Vitamin D and K are
138
Initial knowledge of vitamins came from the study of ...
Disease states
139
What are the two classifications of vitamins?
Water-soluble
Fat-soluble
140
What are water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C and 11 vitamins in the B group
141
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, D, E and K
142
When are vitamins considered drugs?
When they are consumed as a tablet in a chemically pure form
143
What are three situations that vitamin supplements are needed?
Need for increased nutrition (period of growth, hard physical work, pregnancy, menstruation, hyperthyroidism, fever, tissue wasting disorder)
Absorption disturbances (prolonged diarrhea, surgery involving absorptive area of intestine, liver disease)
Inadequate Nutritional Intake (poverty, geography, substance use disorder, restricted diets)
144
What are two approaches to Vitamin Therapy?
Nutritional approach - selects diet aimed at supplying the RDA for each vitamin, or multivitamin preparation that supplies RDA of each vitamin
Megavitamin approach - ingest vitamins in excess of RDA
145
What are the consequences of consuming excess vitamins?
- rapidly excreted in urine (water soluble) - but still can cause injury (ex. B6 pyridoxone can cause nerve injury)
- high doses of fat-soluble A, D, E, can accumulate in body fat and cause severe toxic effects
146
What is the water soluble vitamin that can cause nerve injury?
B6 (pyridoxone)
147
Which of these is not taken as a vitamin supplement?
A, D, E, B12, C, K
K
148
What is a food source of Vitamin A?
Animal products (liver, milk fat, egg yolk)
149
Carotene found in carrots are pro-vitamin _ as they have to be converted into that vitamin in the body.
A
150
What is the function of Vitamin A?
- growth and development
- normal structure of mucous membranes and epithelial cells
- constituent of complex molecule in rods of eye (rhodopsin) for night vision
151
What is the name of the complex molecule in rods of eye that allow for night vision?
Rhodopsin
152
When is Vitamin A administered? What are its derivatives use for?
In periods of time of increased requirement (infancy, pregnancy)
Vitamin A derivatives used in treating acne and skin disease (psoriasis and skin cancers)
153
What can Vitamin A deficiency result in?
Delay of growth and development, night blindness, drying on surface of eye, changes in cells lining bronchioles in lung (which causes respiratory infection), dry, thick horny skin
154
What can excessive vitamin A intake result in?
Dry, itchy skin, vomiting, headache, enlarged liver and spleen
155
What are a vitamin A derivative that in oral form can cause damage to an unborn child, depression, diabetes and liver disease?
Retinoids
156
What are sources of Vitamin D?
Mushrooms, meat, fish
157
In several countries, milk is fortified with...
Vitamin D
158
What does vitamin D do?
Increases absorption of calcium and phosphate from intestine, which helps with bone formation. Regulates blood calcium level and in the removal of calcium from older bone.
159
What is vitamin D used for therapeutically?
Prevention of osteoporosis.
160
What does vitamin D deficiency result in?
Decreased absorption of calcium and phosphate from intestine, decreased blood calcium level.
Removal of calcium in bone to maintain blood calcium levels, defectivve bone growth, bowleggedness or rickets.
161
What does excessive intake result in?
Excessive calcium levels in blood, deposited into kidney, heart, lungs, blood vessels, skin. Impacts fetus. Bad for people with kidney or heart disease. Can also cause excess removal of calcium from bone and fatigue, nausea, vomiting diarrhea, impaired kidney function.
162
Vitamin E is a term used to describe a number of naturally occuring --- that are present in...
Tocopherols, vegetable oils and some leafy green vegetables
163
What is vitamin E essential for?
Antioxidant and protecting cells in CV system and other tissues from damaging effects of free radicals
164
What are the therapeutic uses of Vitamin E?
Treatment of premature babies with hemolytic anemia.
165
Is vitamin E deficiency in Canadians common?
No, rare, because tocopherols are so prevalent in our diet. But may occur in conditions of malabsorption syndrome (Chron's disease)
166
What does excessive intake of vitamin E result in?
- inhibit platelet aggregation
- contribute to anticoagulant effect of warfarin
- increase risk of bleeding due to these
167
What vitamin is cobalamin?
B12
168
Where is vitamin B12 found?
Meat and dairy
169
Where is folate found?
All food groups rich in this, but high fresh green vegetables, yeast, and liver are especially high in this
170
What do follic acid and vitamin B12 work together in the synthesis of?
Red blood cells
171
What are the therapeutic uses of vitamin B12?
Absorption decreases with age; elderly may need to increase vitamin B12 intake
172
The RDA for folic acid increases in pregnant women to help prevent deficiencies that may lead to...
neural tube defects in the unborn child (ex. spinal bfida)
173
What can cause deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate? What happens if vitamin B12 can't be absorbed from the intestines?
Alcohol misuse or malabsorption syndromes.
Pernicious anemia
174
What can result in folate deficiency?
Certain drugs (oral contraceptives, some anticonvulsants)
175
Are there significant toxic effects associated with vitamin B12?
No
176
Is folic acid considered non-toxic when taken as a supplement?
Yes
177
Can folic acid mask undiagnosed pernicious anemia?
Yes
178
What vitamin is called ascorbic acid?
Vitamin C
179
Where is vitamin C found?
Fresh fruits and vegetables
180
What are the functions of vitamin C?
Holds cells together, required for formation of bone and teeth, functions as antioxidant, absorbs iron
181
What is vitamin C used to prevent and treat, and a deficiency leads to this?
Scurvy
182
What are two potential other therapeutic benefits of Vitamin C?
Treating colds for very fit individuals under extreme conditions (Armed forces)
Potentially help with cancer prevention (antioxidant activity)
183
Losing teeth, bruising, anemia, bleeding gums, and weakness are associated with what disease?
Scurvy
184
What can excessive vitamin C intake result in?
Diarrhea, formation of kidney stones, rebound scurvy
185
Substances added to food to improve appearance, texture and storage of them are known as... can also include substances added during the processing of food or to improve nutritive value
food additives
186
What are two classes of food additives?
Intentional
Unintentional
187
What are examples of intentional food additives?
Purposefully added to improve appearance, texture and storage of foods. Vitamins and minerals, flavours, colours, preservatives, texture agents
188
What are unintentional food additives? What is amount present in food limited by?
Added inadvertently as a result of the growing, manufacturing, and storage processes of foods (aka contaminants). Amount present in food limited by regulations.
- fertilizers
- pesticides
- heavy metal
- biohazardous contamination
189
What is regulation of food additives in Canada conducted by?
Food and Drug Relations under Health Canada
190
The Lists of Permitted Food Additives contains what?
All permitted food additives and their conditions of use
191
What must a manufacturer submit for a food additive to be granted approval?
Submit information on proposed use, evidence of safety, information on effectiveness of additive
192
Why are safety evaluations conducted regularly on food additives?
- consumed without our knowledge (on label but no one reads)
- taken for lifetime by entire poopulation
- healthcare professionals not involved in food additives, can't give advice
- young children exposed during vulnerable periods
- not essential for life
193
Which is more easily determined? Efficacy or safety of a food additive?
Efficacy
194
What is the technique used to determine the risk/benefit?
Study toxicity in animals and extrapolate results to humans
195
What are limitations of studying toxicity of animals?
- extent of exposure difficult to replicate in animals - additives administered for one or two years in animals, while humans can be exposed their entire lives
- additives added at highest no-effect dose, human dose taken at 1/100 or 1/1000 of the maximum no-effect dose in animals. Assumption made that studying high doses in animals will mimic low dose, lifetime exposure in humans
196
Is it true that assumptions tend to overestimate actual risk when studying in animals?
Yes
197
What is a key question that needs to be answered with most food additives?
Is it carcinogenic?
198
What are the five principles the WHO has adopted about food additives?
Function - should be justified if they enhance or maintain quality of food
Quantity - should be used in quantities sufficient to obtain stated ends
Purity - should be pure
Toxological evaluation should be taken
Special Groups
199
What happened with Heavy Drinkers and Cobalt Chloride?
Number of deaths due to cardiac arrest because cobalt chloride - inhibited heart muscles from functioning, and added to beer to control foam.
Would need to consume 24 beers every day for long periods to receive toxic dose, but some individuals did.
200
Is it true that some natural food colourings have been shown to be carcinogenic in animal studies, they are not added to food, but exist naturally in some.
Yes
201
True or False: there is evidence that food additives cause ADHD in children
False
202
Tre or false: some studies suggest that food colours and some preservatives can increase hyperactivity in some children
True
203
What are types of flavouring agents?
flavouring agents, enhancers, essence of smoke, synthetic flavours - mixtures of artificial flavours
204
How are flavour enhancers approved? Are they adequately tested?
Not adequately tested but approved due to experience obtained over the years. Difficult to evaluate so many substances.
205
Which flavour enhancer causes tightening of muscles in face or neck, accompanied by headache, nausea, giddiness?
MSG
206
What are organic dyestuffs added to give food an appetizing experience?
Colouring agents
207
Are most colouring agents well evaluated?
YES!
208
What is an adverse effect that has happened with food colouring?
Allergic reaction - tartrazine (yellow food colouring)
209
What does Red Dye No. 2 do that makes it banned in Canada?
Produced cancers when given in high doses to experimental animals
210
How many food colours does Canada allow?
10
211
What are added to improve or impart a specific texture to a product?
Texture agents
212
These texture agents are found in relatively high concentrations of up to 1-3% of the product. Do these products possess toxicity?
No or very little
213
What are silicates added to?
Flour and flour products to keep them free flowing
214
What are emulsifying/thickening agents added to?
Gums/agar to frozen foods
215
The use of agents to preserve the quality of food and allows delivery of food to distant destinations and ensures proper quality of food to consumer.
Preservatives
216
What are two types of preservatives?
Antioxidants
Antibacterials
217
What are three types of antibacterials?
Smoke - preserve meat
Antibiotics
Sodium Nitrite - pleasing red colour in meat
218
What is main concern of smoke to preserve food? What has been done to mitigate this risk?
Carcinogenic potential
Carcinogens have been removed
219
What is a type of antibacterial not used in Canada which is a preservative? Why?
Antibiotics to prevent antibiotic resistant organisms
220
Why is sodium nitrite use controversial?
Adverse effect - forms nitrosamines which are carcinogens.
221
What do antioxidants help with?
Prevent oxidation and rancidity/discoloration of foods.
222
What are two types of antioxidants? What are they used for?
Water-Soluble - added to foods to reduce oxidation of carbohydrates
Lipid soluble - added to foods to prevent fats from becoming rancid
223
What is an example of a water-soluble antioxidant (2)?
Ascorbic and citric acid
224
What is a problem associated with antioxidants? What is a vitamin used as an antioxidant?
Some shown to cause liver damage
Tocopherols (Vitamin E)
225
What are two common agents used in addition to sugar?
Saccharin - was removed because potentially caused cancer but put back
Aspartame - potentially causes liver cancer
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