module 5 - physical, sensory, and perceptual development

Question 1

what do the midbrain and medulla regulate? when does it develop by?

Answer 1

vital functions, mostly developed at birth

Question 2

what does the cortex regulate? is it developed at birth?

Answer 2

perception, higher thinking, language, movement… least developed part of the brain

Question 3

what is synaptogenesis?

Answer 3

the creation of synapses allowing neural pathways to form

Question 4

what is neuroplasticity?

Answer 4

the use of the brain to develop neural pathways via synaptogenesis

Question 5

what is myelination? when is it most rapid?

Answer 5

most rapid in the first 2 yrs of life and its the creation of the sheet that wraps the brain, follows the proximal-distal pattern

Question 6

what is the rectular formation? when is it complete, how does it grow?

Answer 6

the part of the brain responsible for attention, grows in spurts throughout childhood (isnt complete til the mid 20s)

Question 7

what is the difference between adaptive and primitive reflexes?

Answer 7

adaptive - help newborns survive, some disappear during infancy (ex: sucking)
primitive - appear by 6months of age (ex: Babinski reflex, startle reflex)

Question 8

what is the babinski reflex?

Answer 8

toes fan out with under 6 months, over 12 months toes curl

Question 9

what is the moro (sartle) reflex?

Answer 9

babies under 4-5 months will throw their arms out and arch their backs when startled

Question 10

what is the rooting reflex?

Answer 10

touching a baby’s cheek will result in them turning their head toward the touch, disappears by 3 months

Question 11

what are the 3 types of cries?

Answer 11

basic cry - signals hunger (rhythmic pattern)
pain cry - (loud and intense)
angry cry - (blood curdling with an abrupt onset)

Question 12

when does crying for a baby peak?

Answer 12

6 weeks

Question 13

when do babies begin to sleep through the night?

Answer 13

8 weeks

Question 14

how many hours do 6 month olds sleep?

Answer 14

13 hrs

Question 15

what is the colic cry?

Answer 15

has an unknown cause, intense crying for at least 3 hrs a day

Question 16

what decreases colic cries?

Answer 16

family support, tending to the baby, probiotics, melatonin to develop the circadian rhythm

Question 17

what changes with bones in a baby?

Answer 17

increase in length of long bones, density changes, ossification happens

Question 18

what is ossification?

Answer 18

the process of bones hardening

Question 19

when does ossification occur?

Answer 19

begins prenatally, continues through puberty

Question 19

why is ossification important?

Answer 19

its required for the development of motor skills

Question 19

what changes with a babys muscles?

Answer 19

all muscle fibres are present at birth, originally small and have a high water content, the high fat content decreases by 1 yr

Question 20

what is an example of locomotor skills?

Answer 20

crawling (body movmement)

Question 21

what is an example of nonlocomotor skills?

Answer 21

controlling head movement (balance, hand-eye coordination)

Question 22

what is an example of manipulative skills?

Answer 22

the use of hands (fine motor skills)

Question 23

what locomotor skill is present at 1 month?

Answer 23

the stepping reflex

Question 24

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 1 month?

Answer 24

lifting the head slightly

Question 25

what manipulative skill is present at 1 month?

Answer 25

holding an object if placed in the hand

Question 26

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 2-3 months?

Answer 26

lifting heead to a 90 degree angle

Question 27

what manipulative skill is present at 2-3 months?

Answer 27

begin to swipe at objects in sight

Question 28

what locomotor skill is present at 4-6 months?

Answer 28

rolling over, sitting up with support

Question 29

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 4-6 months?

Answer 29

holding head erect while sitting

Question 30

what manipulative skill is present at 4-6 months?

Answer 30

reaching and grabbing for objects

Question 31

what motor skill is present at 7-9 months?

Answer 31

sitting unsupported, crawling

Question 32

what manipulative skill is present at 7-9 months?

Answer 32

transferring objects between hands

Question 33

what locomotor skill is present from 10-12 months?

Answer 33

walking, grasping furniture, pulling self up

Question 34

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 10-12 months?

Answer 34

squats and scoops, patty cake

Question 35

what manipulative skill is present at 10-12 months?

Answer 35

shows a hand preference

Question 36

what locomotor skill is present at 13-18 months?

Answer 36

walking backwards and sideways, start to run

Question 37

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 13-18 months?

Answer 37

rolls ball to adult, clap

Question 38

what manipulative skill is present at 13-18 months?

Answer 38

stacks 2 blocks, puts objects into containers

Question 39

what locomotor skills is present at 19-24 months?

Answer 39

stairs

Question 40

what nonlocomotor skill is present at 19-24 months?

Answer 40

jumps with both feet off ground

Question 41

what manipulative skill is present at 19-24 months?

Answer 41

spoon feed self, stack 4-10 blocks

Question 42

do girls or boys have an advantage on manipulative skills?

Answer 42

girls

Question 43

are girls or boys more active?

Answer 43

boys

Question 44

what pattern do motor skills develop?

Answer 44

cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns

Question 45

why is breastmilk considered "golden"?

Answer 45

bc its high in nutrients and antibodies

Question 46

why do premies need extra supplements?

Answer 46

bc their gut microbiome isnt fully developed

Question 47

what is macronutrient malnutrition? what does it lead to?

Answer 47

too few calories, vitamin deficiency, leads to brain damage

Question 48

what is kwashikor malnutrition? what does it lead to?

Answer 48

diet too low in protein, leads to water retention in the belly (proteins balance fluid levels in the body)

Question 49

at what age do physically normal preterm babies catch up to their peers?

Answer 49

2-3 yrs

Question 50

what are post-term babies at risk for?

Answer 50

neonatal mortality

Question 51

what is SIDS?

Answer 51

sudden infant death syndrome, unexplainable death of the child with no cause

Question 52

how do you reduce the risk of SIDS?

Answer 52

baby on back when they sleep, eliminate blankets, avoid laying baby on soft surface, not sleep in the parents bed, smoke free environement

Question 53

what is visual acuity?

Answer 53

how well someones vision is

Question 54

how well is a babys vision at 6 months?

Answer 54

8 times worse than an adult, develops rapidly over the first year

Question 55

what is tracking?

Answer 55

following a moving object with the eyes

Question 56

how well can babies track their eyes?

Answer 56

originally inefficient but improves rapidly

Question 57

how is a babies auditory acuity?

Answer 57

almost as good as adults, can hear super high pitched noises, increases with age

Question 58

how is a babies smell and taste compared to an adult?

Answer 58

smell is amazing, has 5 basic flavours

Question 59

what are the 5 basic flavours a baby can taste?

Answer 59

salty, sweet, bitter, sour, umami (glutamate)

Question 60

how are babies touch and motion in comparison to an adult?

Answer 60

the best of all senses

Question 61

what are the 3 basic techniques for "asking" a baby about their experience?

Answer 61

preference technique habituation/dishabituation operant conditioning

Question 62

what is the preference technique?

Answer 62

longer looking at one object than another

Question 63

what is the habituation/dishabituation?

Answer 63

seeing if the infant perceives change by changing the stimulus as if they act different they see the difference

Question 64

what is operant conditioning in relation to sensing a childs experiences?

Answer 64

varying the stimulus to see if the child responds

Question 65

how can you judge depth perception?

Answer 65

binocular cues, monocular cues, kinetic cues

Question 66

what are binocular cues?

Answer 66

using both eyes, information fro the eye muscles can tell us the distance, begins at 4 months

Question 67

what are monocular cues?

Answer 67

input from one eye, uses interposition and linear perspective last used at 5-7 months

Question 68

what is interposition?

Answer 68

one object being farther than the other

Question 69

what is linear perspective?

Answer 69

lines getting closer as they get farther away

Question 70

what are kinetic cues?

Answer 70

motion from the eyes stimulating looking, used by 3 months, objects move more when they are near

Question 71

are babies interested in faces?

Answer 71

no but prefer attractive faces, prefer mothers face, can reciprocal gaze at 6 months with parents

Question 72

at what age can babies discriminate between single-syllable words (ex: pa and ba)?

Answer 72

1 month

Question 73

at what age can babies discriminate between 2 syllable words (ex: bada and baga)?

Answer 73

6 months

Question 74

what age can babies identify melodies?

Answer 74

6 months

Question 75

what is intermodal perception?

Answer 75

formation of a single perception of a stimulus, based on information from 2 of more senses

Question 76

what is cross-modal transfer?

Answer 76

transfer of info from 1 sense to another

Question 77

what are the 2 kinds of perceptual development? NATURE VS NURTURE

Answer 77

innate (nativist) aspect experiential (empiricist) aspects

Question 78

what is the innate (nativist) aspect?

Answer 78

sensory capabilities a newborn is born with

Question 79

what is the experiential (empiricist) aspect?

Answer 79

minimum exposure to sensory stimuli for it to develop