module 6 - social and personality development in early childhood

Question 1

what is the psychoanalytical perspective?

Answer 1

internal drives and emotions that are the driving force behind developmental change in the social and emotional domains

Question 2

what is eriksons psychoanalytic stage of autonomy vs shame and doubt?

Answer 2

centres around a toddler new mobility and the desire for automony

Question 3

what is eriksons psychoanalytic stage of initiative vs guilt?

Answer 3

ushered by new cognitive skills which accentuates the ability to take initiative

Question 4

what is person perception?

Answer 4

the ability to classify others according traits (age gender race ect.)

Question 5

what are diana baumrinds 4 aspects of family?

Answer 5

warmth/nurturing parents
clarity and consistency
level of expectations
communication

Question 5

what is the most contributing factor to early childhood development?

Answer 5

family relationships

Question 6

what are the outcomes of nurturant/warm parents?

Answer 6

secure attachment, higher self esteem, higher empathy, higher IQ, less behaviour problems

Question 7

what are the outcomes of clear and consistent rules?

Answer 7

less likely to be defiant/noncompliant

Question 8

what are the outcomes of higher expectations?

Answer 8

higher self esteem, more generous and alturistic

Question 9

what is the outcome of open and regular communication?

Answer 9

more emotionally and socially mature

Question 10

what are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 10

authoritarian
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved

Question 11

what is the authoritarian parenting style?

Answer 11

low in nurturance and communication, high in control

Question 12

what is the permissive parenting style?

Answer 12

high in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication

Question 13

what is the uninvolved parenting style?

Answer 13

low in nurturance, control, maturity demands, and communication, consistently has negative outcomes

Question 14

what are 2 problems that make it hard to identify effective discipline?

Answer 14

difficulty establishing the effects of discipline
research hasnt concluded how intense discipline is needed

Question 15

what are skip generation families? what characteristics do skip generational children have?

Answer 15

children raised by their grandparents, have higher levels of behaviour and emotional disturbance

Question 16

what characteristics do same sex couples affect their children?

Answer 16

none

Question 17

how does divorce affect a childs development?

Answer 17

traumatic, can experience some effects of the divorce themselves even though they arent the one getting divorced, more pronounced in boys than girls, persist in negative effects for years

Question 18

why do non-intact families have negative effects on children?

Answer 18

lone parenthood/divorce
family transition
step parenthood

Question 19

at what age does the importance of friendships/peers become increasingly important?

Answer 19

2-6 yrs

Question 20

what are social skills?

Answer 20

set of behaviours that leads to being accepted as a play partner by peers

Question 21

when does physical aggression increase?

Answer 21

age 2

Question 22

when does indirect aggression increase?

Answer 22

age 11

Question 23

what are risk factors for agression?

Answer 23

hereditary, harsh parenting

Question 24

what are the origins of aggression?

Answer 24

reinforcement modelling
17-29 months

Question 25

what does the epigenetics theory state about aggression?

Answer 25

children enter the world with aggressive predispositions

Question 26

when are corrective interventions necessary?

Answer 26

after 12-17 months

Question 27

whats prosocial behaviour?

Answer 27

behaviour intended to help others, alturism

Question 28

when does prosocial bejaviour become evident?

Answer 28

2-3 yrs

Question 29

when do friendships form?

Answer 29

18 months - hints of early playmates
3 yrs - 20% of children have a stable play date
4 yrs - more than half spend 30% of their childhood with one other friend

Question 30

what is the dimension of effortless control?

Answer 30

controlling ones impulses

Question 31

what is the categorical self?

Answer 31

the ability for a child to give you a description of themself
preschool age - focuses on the visible characteristics

Question 32

what is the emotional self?

Answer 32

the ability to correctly label emotions
girls are better than this than boys

Question 33

what is the acquisition of emotional regulation?

Answer 33

the ability to control emotional states and self regulate behaviour

Question 34

what is the process of self concept?

Answer 34

acquiring emotional regulation is one in which control shifts slowly from the patents to the child throughout childhood

Question 35

what is ones social self?

Answer 35

the increasing awareness of oneself as a player in the social game

Question 36

what is the cognitive developmental function of gender identity?

Answer 36

gender identity: ability to label their sex correctly and identify other people as boys or girls

gender stability: understanding that people stay the same gender throughout life

gender constancy: recognition that someone says the same gender even though they appear differently

Question 37

what is the gender schema theory?

Answer 37

asserting people use a schema for each gender to process information about themselves and others

Question 38

what is the biological approach to sex-role development?

Answer 38

predicting gender identity identity a child based on factors like gender typical play styles

Question 39

what is sex-typed behaviour?

Answer 39

different patterns of behaviour exhibited by boys and girls