Module 5.2 Physiology of the Lymphatic System and Immunology

Question 1

nonspecific immune system

Answer 1

aka innate immune system. Quick, generalized defense system that kills large number of pathogens. It is the first line of defense preventing pathogens from entering with physical and chemical barriers. destroying large numbers of pathogens

Question 2

specific immune system

Answer 2

aka adaptive immune system. Takes several days, is specific and highly effective, and the main lymphocytes involved are the B cells and the T cells

Question 3

How does the integumentary system contribute to the nonspecific immune system?

Answer 3

skin is a physical barrier and sweat allows for environment where only normal flora can grow

Question 4

normal flora

Answer 4

beneficial bacteria that produce lactic acid, which inhibits pathogenic bacteria

Question 5

How does the stomach contribute to the non specific immune system?

Answer 5

Microorganisms are destroyed by stomach acids and digestive secretions

Question 6

How does the respiratory system contribute to the non specific immune system?

Answer 6

pathogens are trapped by mucus membranes and then brought up to the throat to be spit out or swallowed and killed in the stomach acid.

Question 7

What is swelling and why does it occur?

Answer 7

it is an inflammatory response from nonspecific immune system which is a localized response in the tissue. It increases blood flow which causes swelling. This swelling dilates blood vessels allowing more immune cells to respond and causes pain so person is aware of problem

Question 8

What are cytokines?

Answer 8

secreted proteins that help to regulate both the specific and nonspecific immune system

Question 9

What are the 2 main groups of cytokines?

Answer 9

interferons and interleukins

Question 10

What cells produce cytokines?

Answer 10

macrophages, T cells, B cells, and fibroblasts

Question 11

interferons

Answer 11

inhibit viral replication and assist in activating natural killer cells

Question 12

interleukins

Answer 12

function as chemical activators, sending signals throughout the body to increase immune response. There are many subtypes that activate different immune cells

Question 13

pyrogens

Answer 13

interleukin subtype that sets the body’s thermostat in the hypothalamus to a higher homeostasis temperature, causing a fever

Question 14

What are the functions of a fever?

Answer 14

interferr with growth/replication of pathogens, cause lysomomes to break down releasing their enzymes that lyse virus infected cells, promote activity of white blood cells

Question 15

What is the clinical name for white blood cells? What are the 2 different types?

Answer 15

leukocytes. Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 16

What are the key characteristics of granulocytes and what are the types?

Answer 16

they have granules in the cytoplasm and they are capable of phagocytosis. They include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 17

What are the most abundant white blood cell?

Answer 17

neutrophils

Question 18

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 18

fight infection, especially bacteria, using phagocytosis

Question 19

What are the 5 steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 19

1 recognize pathogen by surface receptors #2 bind bringing inside to create vacuole #3 lysosomes bind to vacuole and release enzymes #4 enzymes destroy pathogen #5 contents released from cell

Question 20

pus

Answer 20

white fluid that exits the body, composed of dead neutrophils

Question 21

How do neutrophils look under the microscope?

Answer 21

multi-lobed nucleus (intense purple) and (when stained) light pink granules in their cytoplasm

Question 22

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 22

respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Question 23

How do eosinophils look under the microscope?

Answer 23

similar to neutrophils, except granules stain a darker pink/red and are less commonly seen.

Question 24

basophils

Answer 24

rarest of the granulocytes, involve release of histamines and heparin

Question 25

histamines

Answer 25

vasodilators which increase blood flow through dilation of vessels and capillaries

Question 26

heparin

Answer 26

anticoagulant prevent formation of blood clots

Question 27

How do basophils look under the microscope?

Answer 27

similar morphology (shape) to neutrophils and eosinophils, but the granules stain dark blue/purple

Question 28

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

Answer 28

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 29

What is the morphology of a monocyte?

Answer 29

large white blood cells with a “U” or kidney bean shaped nucleus

Question 30

macrophage

Answer 30

a monocyte that has moved into the tissue

Question 31

monocyte/macrophages

Answer 31

the greatest phagocytes of all the blood cells, inlcuding neutrophils, because they live longer and have greater phagocytic ability

Question 32

What are 3 major types of lymphocytes?

Answer 32

T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

Question 33

What are the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 33

functions include making antibodies, attacking foreign cells, and destroying body cells that have lost normal function

Question 34

What is morphology of lymphocytes?

Answer 34

large dark nucleus with little cytoplasm

Question 35

What are the main lymphocytes involved in specific immune response?

Answer 35

B cells and T cells

Question 36

Where are B cells produced?

Answer 36

in the bone marrow

Question 37

B-cell's glycoprotein receptor

Answer 37

genetically programmed as a part of its cell coat, activates cell when they bind with specific type of antigen

Question 38

antigen

Answer 38

any molecule that can be specifically recognized as foreign by the immune system

Question 39

plasma cell

Answer 39

activated B cells that begin to rapidly divide and produce antibodies

Question 40

With what cells do B cells need to interact before they can rapidly divide?

Answer 40

Helper T-cells

Question 41

antibodies

Answer 41

aka immunoglobulins, a soluble form of the glycoprotein receptor from the B-cell's surface

Question 42

What do antibodies do?

Answer 42

bind to pathogen, stop it from doing further damage and mark it for phagocytosis

Question 43

What are the 5 major categories of immunoglobulins released by B cells?

Answer 43

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM and IgA

Question 44

What does the antibody do?

Answer 44

binds to the invading antigen to cause it to be inactive and/or mark it for destruction by phagocytes

Question 45

memory B cells

Answer 45

are created from some activated B cells, continue to produce a small amount of antibody even after the infection is over

Question 46

antibody-mediated immunity

Answer 46

aka humoral response, defends the body against pathogens through the secretion of antibodies, B-cells work in this method, specific antibody produces and pathogen targeted much faster the 2nd time pathogen invades the body.

Question 47

What are T cells? Where do they originate/mature?

Answer 47

thymus-dependent cells. Originate in bone marrow and mature in the thymus

Question 48

What is cell mediated immunity?

Answer 48

performed by T-cells, locally releases contents, i.e. cytokines or enzymes, and includes direct cellular action, i.e. phagocytosis by other WBC

Question 49

Describe the structure of T cell membranes.

Answer 49

contain antigen receptors that bind to specific glycoproteins in cell membranes

Question 50

What is a killer T cell?

Answer 50

aka cytotoxic T cells, recognize and destroy invading cells containing foreign antigens, i.e. virus-infected, cancer cells, by releasing cytokines and enzymes locally to lyse them

Question 51

What is a helper T cell?

Answer 51

secrete substances that activate or enhance immune response, e.g. interact with B cells for their rapid division

Question 52

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 52

aka NK, seek out abnormal body cells and destroy them

Question 53

What types of cells do NK cells destroy?

Answer 53

abnormal body cells, e.g. tumor cells