Module 6

Question 1

What are the three types of sensory neurons?

Answer 1

Simple receptors
Complex neural receptor
Special senses receptor

Question 2

Which sensory neuron is being described: free nerve endings and senses pain, itch, and temperature

Answer 2

simple receptors

Question 3

Which sensory neuron is being described: nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule, responds to touch or proprioception

Answer 3

complex neural receptor

Question 4

Which sensory neuron is being described: releases neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons, initiating an AP

Answer 4

special senses receptor

Question 5

which sensory receptor responds to oxygen, pH, and organic molecules?

Answer 5

chemoreceptors

Question 6

which sensory receptor responds to pressure, cell stretch, vibration, acceleration, or sound?

Answer 6

mechanoreceptors

Question 7

which sensory receptor responds to photons of light?

Answer 7

photoreceptors

Question 8

which sensory receptor responds to varying degrees of heat?

Answer 8

thermoreceptors

Question 9

What is a receptor potential?

Answer 9

same thing as a graded potential but in a sensory neuron

Question 10

How is a large receptive field generated?

Answer 10

overlap of three primary sensory neurons

Question 11

if two stimuli fall within the same large receptive field, what happens?

Answer 11

there is no two-point discrimination between the stimuli

Question 12

where would you find small receptive fields? what happens when two stimuli fall within small receptive fields?

Answer 12

sensitive areas

there is two-point discrimination

Question 13

where is visceral sensory info integrated?

Answer 13

brainstem and spinal cord

Question 14

where do equilibrium pathways project?

Answer 14

to the cerebellum

Question 15

what are the 4 properties of a stimulus that the CNS distinguishes?

Answer 15

modality
location
intensity
duration

Question 16

what is modality?

Answer 16

identifying the physical stimulus being sensed. determined by the type of sensory neuron being activated and where it projects

Question 17

how is location of a stimulus determined?

Answer 17

coded according to which receptive fields are being activated and which part of the somatosensory cortex it is projected

Question 18

how does lateral inhibition increase accuracy of localization?

Answer 18

lateral neurons and neighbors are inhibited

Question 19

true or false: intensity can be determined by amplitude

Answer 19

false (AP amplitude is constant)

Question 20

how is intensity determined?

Answer 20

of receptors being activated and frequency of AP coming off those receptors

Question 21

how is duration determined?

Answer 21

how long APs are active

Question 22

contrast between tonic and phasic receptors.

Answer 22

tonic receptors: slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus
phasic receptors: rapidly adapt to constant stimulus and turn off

Question 23

what is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 23

responsible for involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands, and some adipose tissue

Question 24

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 24

sympathetic (fight or flight)

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Question 25

which brain structures initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses?

Answer 25

pons, medulla, hypothalamus | sometimes the limbic system (blushing)

Question 26

where do efferent neurons synapse in an autonomic pathway?

Answer 26

autonomic ganglion

Question 27

where do preganglionic neurons originate in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 27

thoracic and lumbar regions

Question 28

where do preganglionic neurons originate in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 28

brain stem

Question 29

true or false: synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are the same in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 29

true

Question 30

in sympathetic pathways, ____ is preganglionic and ___ is postganglionic.

Answer 30

acetylcholine | norepinephrine

Question 31

what does the norepinephrine released in sympathetic pathways target?

Answer 31

adrenergic receptors of the target tissue

Question 32

what does the acetylcholine released in parasympathetic pathways target?

Answer 32

muscarinic receptors of the target tissue

Question 33

which neuroendocrine receptor is often described as a modified sympathetic ganglion?

Answer 33

adrenal medulla

Question 34

distinguish between exocrine and endocrine gland.

Answer 34

exocrine gland: non-hormone secreting gland | endocrine gland: hormone releasing gland

Question 35

where are the primary neurotransmitters (AcH and NE) synthesized?

Answer 35

varicosities on axons

Question 36

sympathetic adrenergic receptors are all ___ coupled receptors.

Answer 36

g-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors)

Question 37

where are the ganglia located in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 37

sympathetic: outside spinal cord parasympathetic: on or near target tissue