Module 6

Question 1

independently assesses the science, impacts, economics, and mitigation alternatives of climate change

Answer 1

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Question 2

key species of interest for climate change

Answer 2

carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen oxides, sulfate, condensation trails

Question 3

This assessment report of the IPCC concluded that “warming of the climate system is unequivocal” and that “most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations.”

Answer 3

2007 Assessment Report

Question 4

published a special report on the specific impacts of aviation on the global atmosphere

Answer 4

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Question 5

makes up 70% of exhaust emissions by mass

Answer 5

carbon dioxide

Question 6

It is a long-lived GHG having an atmospheric residence time on the order of centuries.

Answer 6

carbon dioxide (CO2)

Question 7

makes up 29% of the exhaust emissions by mass and has a warming impact

Answer 7

water vapor (H2O)

Question 8

These are not GHGs, but through atmospheric processes they lead to ozone (0) production and methane (CH) destruction, both of which are strong GHGs, so these processes have warming and cooling effects.

Answer 8

nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Question 9

these are solid or liquid aerosols suspended in the atmosphere which can reflect sunlight (a cooling effect) or trap infrared radiation (a warming effect) depending on their characteristics (e.g., size, composition, concentration) and time of day.

Answer 9

sulfate (SO) and soot aerosols

Question 10

These are the line-shaped trails visible from the ground that sometimes form behind aircraft (typically at high altitude) under certain atmospheric and engine conditions.

Answer 10

condensation trails or contrails

Question 11

a measure of the influence that a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth atmosphere system

Answer 11

radiative forcing (RF)

Question 12

the cumulative RF effects of an emission over a specified time horizon

Answer 12

global warming potential (GWP)

Question 13

2 most common variety of metrics used to measure climate change impacts

Answer 13

radiative forcing (RF) and global warming potential (GWP)

Question 14

often used because the estimated surface temperature change due to a given pollutant is directly proportional to its RF value

Answer 14

radiative forcing (RF)

Question 15

several impacts of climate change from an airport perspective

Answer 15

• alter the GDP
• change of tourism patterns
• sea-level and weather changes

Question 16

Give at least 5 Airport-level Climate Change Mitigations

Answer 16

• airfield design and operations
• business planning
• construction
• carbon sequestration
• energy management
• ground service equipment
• ground transportation
• operations and maintenance
• performance measurement
• renewable energy

Question 17

especially effective at reducing taxi fuel burn and associated air quality and GHG emissions

Answer 17

surface congestion management

Question 18

minimize level-offs during the climb phase to get aircraft to their more efficient cruise altitudes as soon as possible

Answer 18

continuous climb departures (CCDs)

Question 19

keep the aircraft speed higher for longer during the initial stages of the approach, and hence in a cleaner aerodynamic configuration resulting in lower engine thrust and fuel bum

Answer 19

delayed deceleration approaches (DDAs)

Question 20

These are being explored which can incorporate CDA vertical and DDA speed profiles all the way from the top of descent down to final approach to achieve maximum fuel and emissions reductions.

Answer 20

optimized profile descents (OPDs)

Question 21

Many older, long-range aircraft types can be modified with new ______ and ______ elements that can reduce drag and decrease fuel bum and emission by as much as ___.

Answer 21

winglets, fuselage, 5%

Question 22

can be integrated with conventional tube and wing aircraft and hold promise of 15 to 25 percent reductions in fuel burn and emissions compared to existing conventional turbofan engines

Answer 22

geared turbofans and unducted fan engines

Question 23

Blended wing-body configurations could potentially reduce fuel bum and emissions by up to ____.

Answer 23

70%

Question 24

Alternative fuels based on renewable sources such as __________ have the advantage that the growth of the feedstock absorbs nearly as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as the burning of the resulting fuel creates.

Answer 24

cellulosic biomass

Question 25

Alternative fuels based on the hydroprocessing of plant oils derived from _______, ______, ______, and _____ show promise.

Answer 25

soybean, palm, Jatropha, algae

Question 26

designed to reduce emissions in an economically efficient way

Answer 26

emission trading schemes

Question 27

first that explicitly includes the aviation industry

Answer 27

European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)

Question 28

What does EU ETS stand for?

Answer 28

European Union Emissions Trading Scheme

Question 29

Guidance on ETS can be found in ______ and _____, and on preparing GHG emission inventories in ACRP.

Answer 29

ICAO, ACRP

Question 30

Some airports may have the option of buying “_______” to mitigate their climate impacts, especially if they have set targets for carbon neutral growth.

Answer 30

offsets

Question 31

Their scheme offers a framework for airport operators to gain formal recognition of their efforts to achieve carbon neutral status.

Answer 31

ACI-Europe Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA)

Question 32

What does ACA stand for?

Answer 32

Airport Carbon Accreditation

Question 33

The study of the_________ requires an analysis of those factors which influence industrial, commercial, and residential location decisions including accessibility to raw materials, labor, and markets, the costs of production and transportation, and those quality of life and community factors associated with such decisions.

Answer 33

land development impacts

Question 34

The boundaries of the areas affected in displacement and relocation are determined from ____.

Answer 34

area maps

Question 35

The community structure is usually defined in terms of ______, ______, and ______, ______and ______ characteristics.

Answer 35

population demography, growth, density, housing, business