module 6 Flashcards
(13 cards)
describe sanger sequencing
4 test tube (one for each base)
with DNA, primer, polymerase, free nucleotides, fluorescently-labelled ddNTP
PCR
electrophoresis
visualised under UV light
describe genome sequencing
genome cut into smaller frags
each frag inserted into bacterial artificial chromosome inserted into bacteria
left to divide into colonies (make genomic DNA library)
DNA extracted from each colony + cut up (res. enzy)
each piece of DNA is sanger sequenced and put back in order to give ful sequence of that BAC
the DNA frags from all BACs are put back in order to complete entire genome
why do we sequence genome
study genotype-phenotype relationship
epidemiological studies
help understand evolutionary relationships
what are the ways of making immobilised enzymes
trapped in silica gel matrix
encapsulated in alginate beads
covalently bonded to cellulose or collagen
what are the pros of immobilised enzymes
reusable
no mixing
stable
what are the cons of immobilised enzymes
more expensive
more equipment
reduced enzyme activity
what is the formula for knowing the number of cells in bacterai
n = initial cells x 2^no. of divisons
how do we culture microorganism
microorg. transferred into agar plate using sterilised inoculation loop and spreaded
incubate
add nutrients
what the ways of fermenting
batch
continuous
describe artifical embryo twinning
egg cell extracted + fertilised
egg is left to divide
cells from embryo isolated and left to divide
implant the embryos into surrogates
embryos develop inside surrogate
(twins are clones of each other)
describe somatic nuclear transfer
somatic cell’s nucleus extracted
oocyte from another individual extracted with its nucleus remove
nucleus inserted into enucleated oocyte
stimulate (electrofusion) to divide into embryo
what is the formula for net productivity
gross productivity - respiraton loss
what is the formula for efficient energy transfer
(net productivity / all E they receive) x 100
