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Infection Control > module 6 > Flashcards

module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

sud

A

single use device

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2
Q

sterilization

A
  • destroys all microbes (parasite, fungus, virus, spores)

- something is sterile or not sterile, there is no in-between

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3
Q

disinfection

A
  • inanimate objects
  • eliminates all recognized pathogens but not all microbes like spores
  • done chemically
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4
Q

terminal disinfection

A

disinfection after patient has left

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5
Q

antisepsis

A

disinfection of tissue-skin/mucous membrane

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6
Q

sanitiation

A

removal of pathogenic organism of inanimate objects such as eating utensils or dishes

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7
Q

cleaning

A

removal of foreign materials (body secretions)

  • does not imply disinfection or sterilization
  • soap and water
    clean: remove blood/body secretions before sanitizing and disinfecting
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8
Q

cidal

A

suffix meaning death-bactericidal

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9
Q

static

A

suffix meaning microorganism halted- alive but can’t grow- fungistatic

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10
Q

germicide

A

agent that kills germs (microorganisms)

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11
Q

fungacide

A

agent that kills fungus

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12
Q

bactericide

A

agent that kills bacteria

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13
Q

sporicide

A

kills spores

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14
Q

viricide

A

agent that kills viruses

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15
Q

ways to sterilize something

A

(killing all forms of microbial life)

  • incineration
  • autoclave
  • ethylene oxide
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16
Q

what must be sterilized in a hospital setting

A

-any instruments in contact with sterile fluids/internal body organs– surgical instruments/pace maker/catheter etc

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17
Q

what needs to be sterilized before disposal

A
  • wound dressings

- old lab cultures

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18
Q

dry heat for sterilization

A

hot air oven: metal and glassware can be used and it is the only suitable way of sterilizing oils and powders
-171 C =1hr, 160 C- 2hr 121 C 16Hr or more

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19
Q

incineration

A
  • burn
  • reduce to ashes
  • not used again
  • terminal sterilization for disposable items
  • lumps=not sterile
  • -needles syringes/intraveneous sets/used gloves/used bandaids/discarded lab samples/ blood samples/
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20
Q

what is an autoclave

A

-pressure cooker.
-uses steam and pressure to kill microbes
-moist heat
15 pounds of steam gauge preassure=121 degrees celsius and it kills in 15 minutes.

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21
Q

chamber of autoclave

A

items placed here and it is insulated with a door and a gasket to prevent steam from leaking out, there is a safety lock and it will not open when there is pressure in the chamber

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22
Q

how is water heated for autoclave

A

electricity heats water in a closed vessel, steam increases and pressure does too. the steam is preset to give a specific temperature.
if pressure increases the temperature increases
-the water heater will turn on and off to maintain temp

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23
Q

safety valve for autoclave

A

allows steam to escape if pressure exceeds safety limits so the machine will not explode

24
Q

timer, buzzer on autoclave

A

timer starts when temp reaches desired temp or you have to wait until machine hits desired temp and you start timer.
buzzer activates at the end of the timed cycle

25
Q

how is sterility check performed on autoclave

A

-spore strip-biological indicators used for testing for efficiency of autoclave.
-there are 3 spore controls.
1. positive for spores and not autoclaved
2 others are both placed in autoclave, one in the middle and one in the bottom- sterility is the worst in those areas.
–after they are incubated in a broth medium and after a few days the pos control should grow and if the autoclave works there should be no growth in both of the test tubes that have been autoclaved.
**tests should be run frequently and whenever there is a change in procedure-recored all the results and dates this could aid in a malpractice suit from unsterile equipment.

26
Q

autoreader

A

after autoclave it detects the presence of spores- another way to run QC and it is faster than growing a culture
-it detects using fluorescence if there is fluorescence the autoclave is not okay.

27
Q

what can’t you use in an autoclave?

A
  • plastic

- rubber

28
Q

what is okay to use in an autoclave?

A
  • surgical instruments
  • bandages
  • dressings
  • gowns
29
Q

sterility indicators

A
  • change colour or appearance to indicate items are sterile
  • autoclave tape: strips darken
  • if colour/tape not changed then items are not sterile, do not put autoclaved items on water since the wrap is not water proof
30
Q

ethylene oxide

A 
ETO gas, good penetration properties
and kills all microbes
-used to sterilize heat sensitive items
-8 hrs sterilization 
-24 hours rest since ETO is toxic to human tissue you must aerate before use
31
Q

desired properties of disinfectants 8

A
  • broad spectrum
  • rapid action
  • resistant to inactivation by other materials(blood/bodyfluids)
  • non-toxic (fumes or residue)
  • ordorless
  • non-distructive (corrosive)
  • userfriendly
  • cheap (economical)
32
Q

what is spauldings classification

A
  • help determine level of disinfection
    1. critical items- contact with sterile tissue- must be sterile
    2. semi-critical- contact with non-sterile/mucous membranes/ body surfaces/ mouthpiece semi sterile may be treated as sterile for safety
    3. non-critical- counter top/ bed/ stretcher- contact with skin but not mucous membranes- should not have pathogens
33
Q

what are the 3 major properties of disinfectants

A
  1. desired properties
  2. spauldings classifications
  3. disinfectant efficacy
34
Q

disinfectant efficacy

A
  • level of germicidal action
  • least resistant to most resistant: vegetative bacteria->lipid viruses-> fungi-> non lipid viruses -> tubercle bacilli->spores
  • low level disinfectant: kill = vegetative bacteria and lipid viruses
  • intermediate level disinfectant: kill= vegetative bacteria, lipid viruses, tubercle bacilli, fungi but can’t kill non-lipid viruses and spores
  • high level of disinfectant: kill everything- take extended period of time to kill spores
35
Q

3 types of mechanical disinfection

A

pasteurization
filtration
microfibre cloths

36
Q

pasteurization

A
  • 30 minutes at 75-77 degrees
  • intermediate level of disinfection for semi critical items
  • tubing of respiratory equipment
  • does not kill spores
  • infants should not consume honey (under one year of age)-botulism= floppy baby syndrome- pregnant women should not have unpasterized cheese - listeria can cross placenta
37
Q

filtration

A
  1. membrane filters -thin/pores -microbes stuck on the surface, and spores can’t pass through- used in lines of respiratory therapy, intravenous solutions/ drugs/ vaccines.
    membrane filter vacuum assembly- filter liquids and sterilize fluids( lower container)
  2. HEPA- high efficiency particulate air-thick convoluted passage-ways for air in masks and in BSC
38
Q

microfibre clothes

A

-surface cleaning and disinfection- trap microorganisms in fibres- silver reusable

39
Q

ultraviolet

A
  • wavelength 40-390nm
  • 200nm most effective in killing microorganisms
  • damage DNA and portents and kills viruses
  • fewer bacteria are killed by UV light **spores are resistant
  • decreases the number of airborne microorganisms
  • needs direct exposure: can’t penetrate cloth/glass/paper etc
40
Q

radiation

A

microwaves, strong visible light- special circumstances.

-irradiation-used to sterilize blood components before transfusion as well as food for immunodeficient patients

41
Q

moist heat (boiling)

A

destroys most vegetative bacteria fungi, protozoa, and parasites in 10 minutes and it inactivates most viruses nd spores
-add sodium bicarbonate to increase effectiveness

42
Q

aseptic

A
  • without sepsis (infection)
  • aseptic techniques used to not introduce infection into patient tissue— sterile technique
  • most bacteria on/in people then moist areas, then dry areas, then in the air
43
Q

removing sterile solution from a vial

A
  • remove sterile syringe
  • cleanse stopper with alcohol
  • remove needle cap “thumbs up”
  • remove loosened needle
  • cover carefully
  • insert needle into vial
  • stabilize vial
  • one handed recap
44
Q

swab for collecting patient sample

A
  • prepare patient area
  • don’t touch swab
  • swab contact targeted area.
  • put swab in container.
45
Q

removing sterile dressing from package

A
  • leave package until use.
  • do not touch dressing, use sterile forceps provided.
  • dressing is the only thing that should touch the wound
46
Q

low level disinfectants

A
  • soaps detergents

- quatenary ammonium compounds(group of disinfectants)

47
Q

soap detergents (examples, level, use, advantages, disadvantages)

A

ex: soaps detergents
level: low
use: -cleaning
- skin antisepsis (even if not antibacterial, they facilitate the removal of microbes by mechanical means-rubbing and running of water)
advantages: -economical -no odor -non irritating
disadvantages: efficacy diminishes with heavy microbial load or organic material
* *** soaps or detergents act as wetting agents, reduce surface tension

48
Q

quaternary ammonium compounds (ex, level, use, advantages, disadvantages,)

A

ex: “quats” zephiran
level: low efficacy (increased when combined with other products)
use: added to other agents as they are good wetting agents
advantages: -economical -no odor -non irritating*****good wetting agents: kill gram positive bacteria
disadvantages: -narrow microbial spectrum
- gram pos rods may grow in it
- inactivated by soaps, detergents, fibres, hard water, and organic material.

49
Q

intermediate level disinfectants

A

alcohols
chlorine-containing
idophores
complex pheonlic compounds

50
Q

alcohols (ex, level, use, advantages, disadvantages, notes)

A

ex: *usually 70 % -ethanol -isopropyl alcohol
level: intermediate efficacy, increased when combined with other products.
use: -skin antisepsis (venipuncture/pre injection)
- tops of vials of injectable solutions
advantages: -economical -non-irritating -non-staining -kills bacteria including tb and lipid viruses - no resistance developed yet
disadvantages: -not as effective if many microbes -may not kill HBV in blood or body fluids -does not kill spores or non-lipid viruses -flammable - ingestion may cause intoxication

-ensure hand cleaners have not exceeded expiry dates alcohol may evaporate

51
Q

choline- containing disinfectants (ex, level, use, advantages, disadvantages, notes)

A

ex: -bleach, -strong 1/10 5,000 ppm available chlorine - week 1/100 500 ppm available chlorine
level: intermediate
use: -known contamination with biological material(blood spill) -routine disinfection (no obvious contamination)
advantages: -economical -readily available - effective when diluted -broad spectrum (kills everything but spores) -reasonably fast (10 minutes)
disadvantages: -must dilute fresh daily* -not good for metal, rubber, plastics* -odor - not used for spores (need high concentration and more time)

** inactivates blood borne pathogens in blood spills

52
Q

idophores (ex, level, use, advantages, disadvantages notes)

A

ex: prepodyne betadine, wesodyne- carrier is detergent
level: intermediate
use: -skin antisepsis (pre-surgical) -can see where it is -cleaning
advantages: economical -can be diluted -broad spectrum, kills most microbes in 10 minutes
disadvantages: -some must be diluted fresh daily without hard water -staining - allergies - may not be effective against HBV

tincture of iodine =iodine and alcohol

povidone =iodine plus detergent carrier

53
Q

complex phenolic compounds (ex, level, use, advantages, disadvantages, notes)

A

ex: chlorhexidine gluconate, habitant, endure, hexachlorophene- phisohex
level: intermediate
use: hand washing/skin antisepsis -high concentrations good for hand wash in critical care units, isolation and emergency
advantages: -economical -no bad odor -broad spectrum (kills many microbes)
disadvantages: -does not kill spores -toxicity to some body tissues (eyes)

  • don’t use phisohex to bathe a newborne
  • keep away from eyes
54
Q

high level of disinfectants

A

glutaraldehyde

peroxygens (H2O2 and peracetic acid)

55
Q

glutaraldehyde (ex, level, use, advantages, disadvantages notes)

A

ex: -cidex, cold spore
level: high
use: -disinfection of rubber, plastic, metal -sterilization of equipment that can’t take heat
advantages: broad spectrum - doesn’t destroy rubber, plastic, metal - not inactivated by blood.
disadvantages: -expensive -limited shelf life after activation -toxic -irritating fumes

  • disinfect in 10 mins
  • sterilizes in 10 hours
  • can’t use to sterilize critical items (too toxic)
56
Q

peroxygens (ex, level, use, notes)

A

ex: compliance -hydrogen peroxide sterilizers
level: high
use: good for heat sensitive -endoscopes and other equipment

  • 3% disinfectants
  • 25% sporicidal

Infection Control (7 decks)

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