Module 6 - Key Factors in Change Flashcards
1
Q
How did the CDC’s Anti-smoking campaign in 2012 impact the tobacco industry?
A
- No impact on earnings
2
Q
What were the most successful anti-smoking ads?
A
- emotionally evocative
- Contain personalized stories
3
Q
Who plays an important role in disseminating health-related information other than health agencies and medical professionals?
A
- Mass Media
- News Outlets
- Internet
4
Q
What plays a role in whether or not health-related information is effective?
A
- The way its delivered
5
Q
What is educational appeal messaging?
A
- Provide general information (vs. tailored content)
6
Q
What does educational appeal messaging assume?
A
- People will be motivated to improve a health behaviour with correct information
7
Q
What factors must be considered about educational appeal messaging’s success rate?
A
- Colour/vividness of ads
- Expertise, likeability, relatability
- Avoidance of jargon/stats
- Length of message
- Placement of strong argument
- Presentation of both sides
- Clarity of conclusion
- Avoidance of extremes
8
Q
What does message framing refer to?
A
- Whether information emphasizes the benefits (gains) or costs (losses) associated with a behaviour or decision
9
Q
What do gain-framed messages focus on?
A
- Attaining desirable consequences or avoiding negative ones
10
Q
Give an example of gain-framed messaging
A
- If you exercise, you will become more fit and less likely to develop heart disease
11
Q
What does gain-framed messaging work best for?
A
- motivating behaviours that serve to prevent or recover from illness or injury (eg., using condoms, performing physical therapy)
12
Q
What does loss-framed messaging focus on?
A
- Getting undesirable consequences and avoiding positive ones
13
Q
Example of loss-framed messages
A
- if you do not get your blood pressure checked, you could increase your chacnes of having a heart attack or stroke, and you will not know that your blood pressure is good.
14
Q
What does loss-framed messaging seem to work best for?
A
- Behaviours that occur infrequently and serve to detect a health problem early
15
Q
Example of things that loss-framed messaging works best for
A
- Drinking and driving
- Getting a mammogram
16
Q
Explain fear appeal message framing
A
- assumes instilling fear will lead to change
17
Q
When is fear appeal message framing more persuasive?
A
- Emphasize consequences
- Include personal information
- Provide specific instruction
- Boost self-efficacy before urging them to change
18
Q
Explain motivational interviewing
A
- One-on-one counselling style designed to help individuals explore and resolve their ambivalence in changing a behaviour
19
Q
What was motivational interviewing originally developed for?
A
- Counselling of alcoholics
20
Q
What kind of approach is motivational interviewing?
A
- Semi-directive, client-centered therapeutic
21
Q
What methods does motivational interviewing follow?
A
- Transtheoretical model of behaviour change and cognitive behavioural therapy
22
Q
What are the 2 key features of motivational interviewing?
A
- Decisional Balance
- Personalized Feedback
23
Q
Explain decisional balance of motivation interviewing
A
- Clients list reasons for and against changing behaviour
- Used for points of discussion
24
Q
Explain personalized feedback of motivational interviewing
A
Clients received information on:
- pattern of problem behaviour
- Comparisons with norms
- Risk factors/consequences of behaviour
25
What does BASICS stand for?
- Breif Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students
26
What is BASICS?
- A harm reduction approach
27
What was BASICS designed for?
- help students make better alcohol-use decisions based on a clear understanding of the risks associated with problem drinking
28
How is BASICS applied?
- Over 2 brief interviews
29
What was done during the 2 brief interviews of BASICS?
- Assess risk problem behaviours, obtaining commitment to monitor drinking between interviews.
- Provide personalized feedback, including comparison to norms, risks, and advice on how to drink safely
30
What strategies were suggested for the BASICS program?
- Slowing down
- Spacing drinks
- Different types of drinks
- Drink for quality vs. quantity
- Enjoy mild effects of alcohol
31
What do behavioural methods focus on?
- Helping people manage the antecedents & consequences of a behaviour
32
Explain what cognitive methods focus on
- changing people's thought processes
33
What is one popular intervention that focus on cognitive and behavioural methods?
- Cognitive behavoural therapy (CBT)
34
What are the three parts of using cognitive behavioural therapy in its application to alcohol abuse?
- Identify unhelpful / unrealistic thoughts and beliefs that contribute to problems
- Identify triggers (internal/external) that cause you to drink
- Engage in more realistic and helpful thoughts
35
What have electronic interventions that are guided by a therapist/counsellor shown to be clinically effective for?
- Substance abuse
- Other problem behaviour
36
What can cause difficulties in maintaining health behavioiur changes?
- Lapse
- Relapse
- Abstinence-Violation Effect
37
Explain Lapse
- Instance of backsliding which does not indicate failure
38
Explain example of lapse
- A person who quits smoking has a cigarette
39
Explain Relapse
- Falling back to original pattern of undesirable behaviour
40
When is relapse common?
- Trying to change long-term habits
41
Explain Abstinence-Violation Effect
- Experience a lapse can destroy ones confidence in remaining abstinent and precipitate a full relapse
- Lapse to relapse
42
what is the relapse prevention method?
- Self-management program
43
What do Clients do in the relapse prevention method?
- Identify high-risk situations
- Acquire coping skills
- Practice coping in high-risk situation with therapist supervision
44
How do clients learn to identify high-risk situation in the relapse prevention method?
- Generating a list and description of antecedent conditions that lead to lapse
45
What is social engineering?
- Changing social environment in order to better support healthy behaviours
46
What are examples of social engineering?
- Nutritional guidlines
- Seatbelt laws, road safety
- School vaccination programs
- Smoking prohibition
- Taxation of alcohol to increase cost
- Restricting Alcohol to adults
- Taxes on sugary drinks
- Eliminating Trans Fats in Foods
47
Does evidence suggest that decriminalization increases the risk of drug use?
- NO
48
What does a harm reduction approach to substance abuse entail?
- Reduce negative consequences of substance use
- Treat people who use drugs with respect and dignity
49
What is the purpose of harm reduction approach to substance abuse?
- Reduce/remove social stigma
- Motivate to stay healthy/contributing members of society
50
What benefits were seen after the insite supervised drug consumption site in 2003, downtown east side vancouver?
- Reduction in public injecting/syringe sharing
- INcrease detox service/addiction treatment
- Drop in overdose deaths/HIV infections
51
Describe Addiction
- Condition, produced by repeated consumption of natural/synthetic psychoactive substance
- Physically/psychologically dependent on substance
52
When does physical dependence exist?
- When body adjusts to substance and incorporates into normal functioning
53
When is psychological dependence a thing?
- individual compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces, without necessarily being physically dependent on it
54
What are some substance-related/addictive disorders?
- Alcohol
- Caffeine
- Cannabis
- Phencyclidine
- Hallucinogens
- Inhalants
- Opioids
- Sedatives
- Hypnotics
- Anxiolytics
- Stimulants
- Tobacco
55
What are the two types of addiction disorders in the DSM-5-TR?
- Substance-related
- Gambling disorder
56
What are the short-term effects of alcohol?
- Reduced coordination
- Diminished cognitive ability
- Judgement, decision making
- Aggression / Emotionality
- Accidents
57
Explain long-term effects of alcohol
- Liver damage
- Cardiovascular disease
- Various types of cancer
- Depression
- Alcohol Use Disorder
58
What is problem drinking?
- heavy or frequent drinking
59
What can problem drinking involve?
- binge drinking (more than 5/one occasion every 30 days)
60
How many people who abuse alcohol are addicted?
50%
61
Explain alcohol use disorder
- problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinicallly significant impairement or distress
62
what must manifest within 12-month period for alcohol use disorder?
At least 2 of:
- Alcohol in large amount/long time
- Persistent desire to cut down
- Time spent in activities trying to obtain or use alcohol
- Craving/strong urge for alcohol
- Interfering with work, school, home
- Continue despite social problems
- Giving up social/work activities
- Recurrent use in physically hazardous situations
- Continue despite knowing better
- Tolerance
- Withdrawal
63
Explain Tolerance
- Diminished effect over time
- Need for greater amounts to achieve same effect
64
Explain the severe symptoms of withdrawal
- Nausea
- Sweating
- Tremors
- Insomnia
- Hallucinations
- Anxiety
65
What outperforms traditional counselling in alcohol intervention?
- Motivational interviewing
66
what happens with a less severe drinking problem?
- Better chance of succeeding controlled drinking
67
Who has the best prospects for controlled drinking of those among problem drinking?
- Young
- Socially stable
- short history alcohol abuse
- Not experienced severe withdrawal
68
Who should not try to pursue a goal of controlled drinking?
- Long-term alcoholics
69
What situations might be high risk for relapse?
- Intrapersonal High-Risk Situations
- Interpersonal High-Risk Situations
70
Expand on Intrapersonal High-risk situations
- Negative emotional stress
- Positive emotional states
- Exposure to alcohol-related stimuli or cues
- Non-specific cravings
71
Expand on INterpersonal High-risk situations
- Interpersonal conflict
- Social pressure, direct/indirect
- Exposure to setting/situation that are cues
72
Are there differences between abstainers and moderate drinkers in Coronary heart disease?
- NO
73
What is the systems approach to obesity?
- Product of environmental/lifestyle factors (NOT biological)
74
Is obesity heritable?
- Yes
75
What happens in most cases of genetic predisposition of obesity?
- Risk increased 20-30%
76
Explain the Health Halo Effect
- Judge entire food as healthy based on one/more narrow attributes (percieved as healthy)
77
When is food considered healthy?
- Labeled "low-calorie"; "organic"; "all-natural"
- From restaurant
78
When were individuals more likely to make indulgent food choices?
- When healthy items were available
79
What community-level factors are associated with higher risk of obesity?
- Lower socioeconomic status
- Lower % college/uni graduates
- Fewer grocery stores/farmer markets
- Low satisfaciton/safety with public transprotation
- Reduced accessiblity to sport facilities
80
What behaviours are implicated in obesity across the lifespan?
- Unhealthy diet
- Physical inactivity
- Poor sleep
- Screen Time
- Stress (cortisol)
- Interpersonal Factors
81
What can improve success of dieting and healthy eating?
- Self-efficacy, confidence, social support
82
What do compensatory beliefs do for diet adherence?
- Compromise weight loss success
83
What does food-related guilt correlate with?
- Lower perceived control over eating
- Less successful weight maintenance
84
Why can artificial sweeteners lead increased sugar consuption?
- Expectant energy boost
- Craving result of absence
85
What diets are problematic?
- Crash diets unhealthy
- Low-carb diet (death/depression)
86
What is the best diet?
- Sustainable, balanced diets that provide optimal amounts of all essential nutrients for metabolic needs
87
What is more predictable of poor health and obesity: Processed sugar or dietary fat?
- Processed Sugar
88
What exhibits symptoms of gluten sensitivity?
- Fructans (not gluten)
89
Explain Healthy at Every Size Approach
- size-acceptance, end weight discrimination, reduce cultural obsession with weight loss/thinness
90
What does weight stigma factor into?
- Weight Gain
- Poor Health
91
What does stigma predict?
- Mortality
92
What mechanisms cause stigma to factor in both weight gain and poor health?
- Increase stress
- Poor coping
- Poorer treatmetn
- Inadequate care
- Internalization interfere with weight management
93
What is the most common reason for not exercising?
- Time
94
What, other than time, causes people not to exercise?
- No convenient place
- Weather Conditions
- Stress/Depression
- Social Influences
- Unpleasant aspects of exercise
- Underestimate the enjoyment
- Low self-efficacy, belief in success
95
What are the risks of sedentary lifestyle?
- premature death
- depression
96
What is the recommended amount of exercise?
- 2 1/2 hours / week
97
How does low SES minority status lead to increased morbitidy and mortality?
- Poor health behaviours
- poorer knowledge of risk factors
- poor environments
- Barriers to access health services
