Module 6 - Key Terms - Part 1 Flashcards
A.M. Best Company
A.M. Best Company rates insurance companies. Best’s Key Rating Guide is published annually with rating classifications that range from an “A+” for a superior rating to a “C–” for a fair rating. An “A–” or better rating suggests that the carrier is financially excellent. (Spec PG 16.4)
A/E (Architect/Engineer) Design Team
Design professionals (including architects, engineers, specifiers, planners, programmers, and specialty consultants) act as a Team to provide planning, design, and construction administration services for the project. These entities may be contractually responsible to the Owner or a design builder depending upon the project delivery method selected. (PDPG 2.3 Spec PG 6.1)
A/E (Architect/Engineer)
The responsible A/E must not only coordinate the drawings and specifications within the A/E’s own office, but also be responsible for coordinating the entire construction document package and for maintaining the communication process that will facilitate this coordination. (CSPG 8.1)
A/E
Architect/Engineer is used to designate the individual or firm responsible to the Owner for the design of structure or project. (CPRPG 1.5, 2.6.2)
A201
General Conditions Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract. (CSPG 14.2)
AASHTO
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Accessibility Requirements
Federal law prohibits discrimination on any basis, including, but not limited to, physical disabilities. Thus, Owners and operators of places of public accommodation must provide accessibility to facility users. (CPRPG 6.3.1.3.3)
Accountant Contractor Team
Accountant Contractor Team - Processes incoming invoices, monitors the disbursement of funds to suppliers and subcontractors, and assists with preparation of applications for payment (PDPG 2.4.1.5)
ACORD
Agency-Company Organization for Research and Development (Spec PG 17.3.2, CCAPG 3.4.1 (fig. 3.4 & 3.5)
Acoustical Consultant Design Team
Advises, assists, and makes recommendations for the control, improvement, and containment of sounds and noise within the facility (PDPG 2.3.20)
Action Submittals
Action Submittals are submittals requiring responsive action by the A/E, normally review and approval. These include the following: (PDPG 13.6.3.1 pg. 405) Product data Shop Drawings Samples
ADA
Americans with Disabilities Act
Addenda Format
Written addenda may be accompanied by drawings. Addenda items should be arranged in the same sequence as the project manual and drawings. Basic components of addenda and the order in which they should appear are as follows: (CSPG 9.3.4) 1. Addenda number and date of addendum 2. Project identification 3. Name and address of A/E 4. To whom addendum is issued 5. Opening remarks and notice to bidders or proposers 6. Changes to prior addenda 7. Changes to procurement requirements 8. Changes to contracting requirements 9. Changes to specifications, in sequence, including approved substitutions 10. Changes to drawings, in sequence
Addenda
Addenda are a modification issued either prior to receipt of bids and proposals or, in some cases, prior to the time the agreement is executed. (CSPG 9.1) Addenda are written or graphic instruments issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the procurement documents or in previous addenda. (PDPG 11.3.12.2; PDPG 12.7.1.8; CSPG 9.1 CSPG 9.3.1)
Addenda/Addendum
Addenda/Addendum is issued either prior to receipt of bids and proposals or prior to the time the agreements are executed, depending on the bidding requirements for the project. Addenda clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the procurement documents or in previous addenda. They are used to answer questions proposed by bidders; document new requirements, including changes to the work; and correct errors or omissions in procurement documents. (PDPG 11.3.12.2; PDPG 12.7.1.8; CSPG 9.3.1, CPRPG 8.4.1.8)
Addenda/Addendum
Addenda are written or graphic documents issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the original procurement documents or in previous addenda. (PDPG 11.3.12.2; PDPG 12.7.1.8; CSPG 9.3.1)
Addenda/Addendum
Addenda/Addendum is written or graphic instruments issued to clarify, revise, add to, or delete information in the procurement documents or in previous addenda. Typically addenda are issued before the opening of bids. (PDPG 11.3.12.2; PDPG 12.7.1.8; CSPG 9.3.1)
Administrative and Procedural Requirements
The sections in Division 01, which are collectively referred to as the General Requirements, specify administrative requirements, procedural requirements, temporary facilities and controls, performance requirements, and life cycle activities. Administrative and procedural requirements are those relating to the process of contract administration, the assignment of contractual responsibilities, and the methods of communicating, and controlling and assuring quality. (PDPG 11.3.10)
ADR
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Advertising
Many leads are supplied from the manufacturer’s marketing staff as a direct result of advertising. A majority of decision makers are exposed to advertising, whether through trade publications, directories, specification data sheets, or product information resources or data collections such as 4Specs.com, Architect’s First Source, ARCAT, SPEC-DATA, or Sweets Catalog Files. (CPRPG 2.10)
Advisors
Financial advisors and institutions that arrange for the project financing; attorneys who coordinate the legal and contractual issues of the project; insurance advisors and companies that provide risk coverage to the Owner, Contractor, and architect/engineer (A/E); development consultants; real estate agents; and appraisers to advise the Owner about specific sites, costs, market types, and potential team participants (PDPG 2.2.3, CPRPG 4.2 )
Aesthetic Requirements
Aesthetic design incorporates components that elicit sensory responses, primarily but not exclusively visual, in anyone who may have contact with the project, with the intention of communicating the Owner’s values and the facility’s purpose. (CPRPG 6.3.4)
Affirmative Action
Public authorities might be required to set aside a percentage of a project for minority or disadvantaged business participation to ensure the goals of affirmative action are achieved. These requirements are provided by the Owner and included in instructions to bidders and the conditions of the contract. Sometimes the names of eligible MBE/DBE business are provided by public agencies and included in the bidding documents as additional information. (PDPG 12.7.2.9)
AGC
Associated General Contractors
Agreement
Agreement is the document that legally obligates the signing parties. It binds the documents together firmly and permanently, while allowing for the addition of modifications. The agreement defines relationships and obligations between the signers and incorporates, by reference, all of the other documents that make up the contract documents. (PDPG 5.4, CSPG 5.1)
Agreement
Agreement is a legal instrument executed by the Owner and the Contractor binding the parties to the terms of the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations between Owner and Contractor. It incorporates all other contract documents by reference. (PDPG 5.4)
Agreement
Agreement is the written document signed by each party and is the legal instrument binding the parties to the contract. The agreement defines the relationships and obligations existing between the parties. By reference the agreement includes all other contract documents, such as the drawings and specifications. (PDPG 5.4)
Agreement Form
Several organizations have standard agreement forms that are compatible with their respective contract conditions and are tailored to specific types of project delivery and basis of payment. (PDPG 5.7)
Agreement Form
The standard agreement forms and conditions of the contract contain wording that has been interpreted and adjudicated, and any modifications should be made with caution. (CSPG 5.4)
AHJ
Authorities Having Jurisdiction. These authorities include building code officials, zoning officials, inspectors, and regulatory agencies. (CSPG 14.2)
AHJs
“Authorities Having Jurisdiction” Acronym established (CAPG pg. 1, Spec PG 14.2) The project type and location often determine which authorities have jurisdiction over a project. Often multiple agencies have jurisdiction over a project. For instance, a project located within the city limits may be governed by the city building department, but the county health department, state fire marshal, and state elevator inspectors may also have jurisdiction. The AHJs do not have contractual relationships with the project participants but have regulatory authority granted by the permit process and local, state, and federal regulations and laws. Partial or final occupancy of a facility usually requires passing multiple inspections by the authorities having jurisdiction over the project. (CAPG 2.6 pg. 31). Federal, state, county, and city authorities oversee the safety and welfare of the public they serve. In doing so, they verify that code and ordinance requirements have been met. The AHJs usually perform reviews of the contract documents before issuing permits. They verify that the regulatory requirements are being met by performing building, mechanical, electrical, elevator, fire, life safety, health, zoning, accessibility, and critical structural inspections at the project site. (CAPG 6.5 pg. 111)
AIA
American Institute of Architects.(CSPG 1.4.1)
AIA Document A701
Instructions to bidders. (CSPG 9.3.3)
AIA Document D200, Project Checklist
Coordinate graphic and written construction documents. Requirements from other sources must be identified, including those imposed by regulatory agencies. It is advisable to prepare a checklist of code requirements and local conditions. AIA Document D200, Project Checklist, may be helpful in compiling this information. (CSPG 1.10.12)
AIA Document G612, Owners Instructions to the Architect and EJCDC C-052, Owner’s Instructions Concerning Bonds and Insurance for Construction
These forms can be used to obtain information from the Owner or the Owner’s insurance adviser, for the type of construction contract, insurance, and bonds. (CSPG 1.10.2)
All Risk Insurance
Protection from loss arising out of any fortuitous cause other than those perils or causes specifically excluded by name. This is in contrast to other policies that name the peril or perils insured against. Refer to named peril. (PDPG 11.3.20.1)
Allowance
An allowance is a specified monetary sum or a specified quantity of work not otherwise defined by the specifications and drawings, but which the Contractor is required to include in the bid or price. The Contractor is asked to submit prices for work items that are undetermined at the time of bidding, but will be determined after the agreement has been executed. Two common allowance types are: Cash Allowance and Quantity Allowance. (PDPG 11.3.10.4, CSPG 7.4.1, CPRPG 6.6.1)
Allowances
Allowances may be used when certain design decisions have not been made and when quantities or unknowns cannot be determined prior to the start of work. Allowances are typically cash allowances or quantity allowances. (CSPG 7.5.2)
Alternates
A defined portion of the work that is priced separately and thus provides an option for the Owner in determining the final scope of the project. The alternate provides the Owner with a choice between different products or it can define the addition or deletion of a portion of the work. An alternate is something that is named for which alternative pricing is requested. (PDPG 11.3.10.5, CPRPG 6.6.1)
Alternates
Alternates should identify each alternate and describe the changes of work included in each. (CSPG 7.7)
Alternates
When the extent of work is contingent upon the funds available, certain provisions may be necessary to obtain costs for specific portions of the work. These portions of the work can be defined as alternates that will permit separate costs to be determined. After a project is bid, the extent of work can be adjusted based upon the alternate bids and the Owner’s priorities. Alternates are optional work items that may or may not be made part of the contracted work. (PDPG 11.3.10.5)
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) provisions can prevent a single party from initiating litigation and provide a suitable method for economically and expeditiously addressing disputes. (PDPG 13.11.4 CCAPG 10.5.3)
American Institute of Architects, AIA Document A201
General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. (CSPG 14.2)
Applications for Payment
Most contracts specifically stipulate the requirements for preparation and delivery of the application for payment. The Contractor needs to clearly understand the requirements for submitting an application for payment and follow procedures correctly, so that payment is not delayed. Most contracts require that a schedule of values be submitted to the architect/engineer (A/E) for approval prior to the first application for payment. It is not uncommon for the Contractor to be required to submit an updated construction progress schedule, test reports, material certifications, and other accompanying information as a prerequisite for payment (CAPG pg. 214, PDPG 13.12.1; PDPG 13.12.7, CCAPG 11.1)
Appointments
Unless requested to do so without one, product representatives should not make a presentation without an appointment. (CPRPG 2.15.2)
Approved as Noted (Submittal)
Approved as Noted (Submittal) is approved, provided modifications noted are properly incorporated. Resubmission is not usually necessary. (CCAPG 5.6)
Architect/Engineer (A/E)
Design professionals (including architects, engineers, specifiers, planners, programmers, and specialty consultants) act as a team to provide planning, design, and construction administration services for the project. (CPRPG 4.2)
Architect’s supplemental instructions (AIA) or Field order (EJCDC) Written interpretation or clarification (EJCDC)
These instructions or orders do not require an executed change order because neither the contract sum or time is affected and, therefore, they do not require the signature of the Owner or the Contractor. (CAPG 8.2.1.4 pg. 153)
Article
A major subject within a PART of a section consisting of one or more related Paragraphs. (CSPG Figure 4.3, SectionFormat, Page 4, PageFormat, Page 4)
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers. (CSPG 1.4.1)
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning. (CSPG 1.4.1)
ASME
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (CSPG 1.4.1)
At-Risk
At-Risk CMc is sometimes called “at-risk” construction management because the CMc is responsible for the completed project and bears the financial risk in the same manner as a Contractor. See also CMc. (PDPG 7.4.4)
Attributes (Performance)
Attributes (Performance) are the means by which performance characteristics are identified. An attribute can be defined as a characteristic of performance. There are three essential considerations of an attribute: Requirements, Criteria, and Tests. (PDPG 10.5.2.1 Spec PG fig. 12.5)
Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
Federal, state, county, and city authorities oversee the safety and welfare of the public they serve. In doing so, they verify that code and ordinance requirements have been met. The AHJs usually perform reviews of the contract documents before issuing permits. They verify that the regulatory requirements are being met by performing building, mechanical, electrical, elevator, fire, life safety, health, zoning, accessibility, and critical structural inspections at the project site. (PDPG 2.2.7 Spec PG 14.2 CCAPG 6.5)
Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ)
Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) including building code officials, zoning officials, inspectors, and regulatory agencies, protect the public’s health, safety, and welfare by administering laws, codes, and other regulations governing the project. (PDPG 2.2.7 Spec PG 14.2, CPRPG 4.2)
Automobile Insurance
The liability for operation of owned or non-owned automobiles, including rented or hired vehicles, is generally secured through a business automobile coverage form. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.3.3)
Available Information
Available Information available to bidders regarding subsurface and existing conditions includes geotechnical reports, soil boring data, hazardous materials reports, descriptions of the site, resource drawings of existing buildings, and property survey information. (PDPG 11.4.5)
Award of Contract
The formal acceptance of the terms of negotiation by the participants. (PDPG 12.8.3, CPRPG 8.7)
Bar Chart (Schedule)
A bar chart is a graphic display of major activities in the form of bars overlaid on a calendar. (PDPG 6.8 CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8))
Basis of Design
Many manufacturers provide data and other informational sheets that can be included to illustrate the products being used as the basis of design in the project. (CSPG 1.9.2)
Basis of Payment
The three bases of payment are: Stipulated sum, Unit Price, and Cost-plus fee, and Cost-plus fee with guaranteed maximum price. (PDPG 13.12.3 Spec PG 5.2 CCAPG 11.3)
BEES
Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability
Bid
Bid states the price that the bidder will charge to perform the work and possibly the length of time to complete the project. (PDPG 11.4; PDPG 12.7)
Bid
Bid is an offer to perform a contract for work and labor or supply materials or goods at a specific price. A bid is a response to a solicitation such as an invitation to bid or an advertisement for bid. (PDPG 11.4; PDPG 12.7)
Bid Bond
The purpose of the bid bond is to protect the Owner from losing the benefit of an accepted bid. Issuance of a bid bond commits the bidder to enter into a contract and, if required, provide performance and payment bonds. The bid bond is provided by the bidder at the time of bid and is submitted with the bid. The bid bond generally provides for a penal amount expressed either in dollars or as a percentage of the total amount of the bid. In the event that the selected bidder fails or refuses to enter into a contract for the price that was bid, the surety is obligated to pay the Owner’s damages, up to the penal amount of the bid bond. (PDPG 11.3.19.4 Spec PG 16.7)
Bid Depository
Bid Depository system receives subcontractor bids for identified units of work. The units of work are usually significant parts of the total project. These sub-bids, depending on location, are then either analyzed by the client agency with the selected sub-bids assigned to the general Contractor, or the sub-bids may simply be deposited for delivery to the prime bidders. (PDPG 12.7.1.12, CPRPG 8.4.1.12)
Bid Form
The bid process requires a bid form that is prepared as a document that the bidder will submit to the Owner. It contains blank spaces completed by the bidder and a place for the bidder’s signature (and for the seal of corporate entities) to indicate that the bidder agrees to all provisions. (PDPG 11.4.6.1)
Bid Lists
Being included on a Contractor’s bid list is an appropriate way to stay informed on projects. Many Contractors maintain bid lists that contain information on product representatives and their products. When a set of documents goes out to bid, the Contractor usually refers to the bid list and contacts product representatives who may have an interest in bidding the project. (CPRPG 2.10)
Bid Security
Bid Security guarantees that if a bid is accepted within the specified time, the bidder will enter into a formal agreement with the Owner (usually 30 to 90 days from the opening of the bids) and will furnish the required construction performance and construction payment bonds. The purpose of the bid security is to compensate the Owner for damages incurred if the selected bidder does not accept the contract award. (PDPG 11.4.3.1)
Bid Shopping
Bid Shopping is the practice of revealing the sub-bid of one subcontractor to negotiate with another subcontractor to lower the cost for specific trades on a project. It occurs during the bidding/pricing process, following award of a prime contract, or both, when provisions restricting the practice are not included in bidding documents. (PDPG 7.2.6; PDPG 12.7.1.10; PDPG 12.10.3, CPRPG 8.6.3)
Bid Solicitation
Bid Solicitation fall into two categories: invitations to bid and advertisements to bid. (PDPG 12.7.2.6)
Bidder (Successful)
Under the bidding process, the successful bidder is one of the several bidders (Contractors) whose bid was the lowest responsive price. (PDPG 12.7.2.7)
Bidding Documents
Bidding Documents used to obtain pricing from prospective Contractors are referred to as the procurement documents. In a competitive bidding process the documents are referred to as bidding documents. (PDPG 12.7.1.4)
Bidding Requirements
See Procurement Requirements
Bidding/Negotiating/ Purchasing Stage
In a design-bid-build project, the link between design and execution of a project is an agreement between the Owner and Contractor. This is most often achieved through competitive bidding by an open or limited field of competitive bidders or through the process of negotiation with a prequalified Contractor. The bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage allows the prospective Contractor to examine bidding documents, visit the site, request clarifications and interpretations, propose substitutions, and, finally, prepare a bid or price for executing the work. The A/E’s responsibilities include responding to requests for information or clarifications, evaluating proposed substitutions, and issuing addenda to document changes made during the bidding/negotiating period. Acceptance of the Contractor’s bid or negotiated sum and other conditions will result in award of a contract and commencement of work. (PDPG 3.4.5)
Bidding/Negotiating/ Purchasing Stage
The transition from the design to the construction stage of a project is the bidding/negotiating/purchasing stage. During this stage, Owners make the proposed construction documents available to prospective Contractors, through either direct selection or open solicitation. The prospective Contractors assemble, calculate, and formally present to the Owner their prices to complete the project described in the procurement documents. Construction prices become the financial basis of the contract for construction. (PDPG 12.1)
Bidding Participants
Bidding Participants common to public and private competitive bidding include the Owner, A/E, prospective Contractors, prospective subcontractors and suppliers. (CPRPG 8.4.1.1)
BIM (Electronic Models)
Building Information Modeling (BIM) uses computer programs to document facility design, to simulate construction, and to simulate facility operation. BIM is more than 3D modeling of facilities and components with the traditional information typically found in contract drawings. A BIM database can be an intelligence-rich model that allows extraction of graphical and data information. BIM is beginning to incorporate some traditional specification and product-specific information into the model. For example, a BIM database may contain information on doors at the specific door location. The door may be identified by size, type (metal, wood, aluminum, and glass), fire rating, finish, and hardware set. BIM allows design and construction team members to collaboratively embed intelligence into the model in order for personnel to concentrate on design and problem-solving tasks while allowing the computer to perform tasks such as quantity take-offs for cost estimating or product ordering, clash detection, scheduling, and quality assurance. (CAPG 1.3.2.6 pg. 9-10)
Binding Arbitration
Upon demand for arbitration the parties to the contract select a neutral arbitrator or panel of arbitrators, and the matter is submitted for a decision. The method is very similar to litigation, but offers more expeditious resolution. (CCAPG 10.5.4)
Binding Dispute Resolution
Binding Dispute Resolution may be stipulated in the contract documents, whereby both parties agree to resolve disputes by the specified method and to honor the findings and award, usually without appeal. When a binding method of ADR is indicated, most judicial jurisdictions do not allow the parties to litigate a dispute. (CAPG 10.5.4 pg. 210)
Boiler and Machinery Insurance
Boiler and Machinery Insurance against loss arising from the operation of boilers and machinery. May cover loss suffered by the boilers and machinery itself or include damage done to other property and business interruption losses. (Spec PG 17.4.2)
Bonds (Bid)
See Bid Bond
Bonds (Construction)
A performance bond provides a guaranty that if the Contractor defaults or fails to perform, the surety will either complete the contract in accordance with its terms or provide sufficient funds up to the penal amount for such completion. A payment bond provides a guaranty that subcontractor, material suppliers, and others providing labor, material goods, and services to the project will be paid. (PDPG 11.3.19 Spec PG Chapter 18)
Budget
The A/E must understand and account for the Owner’s financial requirements and design the project accordingly. During each phase, the A/E may continuously evaluate design and budget to ensure they remain in agreement. (CPRPG 6.3.6)
Builder’s Risk Insurance
Builder’s Risk Insurance covers losses during the construction phase arising from the insured risks of fire, windstorm, collapse, and theft. The policy is designed to cover all property that has been or will be incorporated into the project. Builder’s risk insurance is available in a named peril or an all-risk type policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.4.1)
Builder’s Risk Insurance
Builder’s Risk Insurance indemnifies for loss of or damage to a building under construction from specified perils. Insurance is normally written for a specified amount on the building and applies only in the course of construction. Coverage usually includes fire and extended coverage and vandalism and malicious mischief coverage. Builder’s risk coverage can be extended to an all- risk form as well. The builder’s risk policy also may include coverage for items in transit to the construction site (up to a certain percentage of value) as well as items stored at the site. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.4.1)
Business Interruption Insurance
Business Interruption Insurance is loss-of-use insurance that protects against loss caused by the inability to occupy and use the project because of damage resulting from a covered peril. This coverage is available for a variety of risks, including fire, and can include compensation for additional business expense and for the rental of substitute facilities. (PDPG 11.3.20.3 Spec PG 17.4.4)
Building Codes
Building Codes are minimum requirements for design and construction of new or remodeled
structures, with an emphasis on buildings. Design documents must demonstrate compliance with
those requirements. (PDPG 4.3, CPRPG 6.3.1.2)
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Building Information Modeling (BIM) are systems and programs developed to incorporate
building models and objects into three-dimensional representations of the project. (CSPG 10.3)
Building Maintenance Equipment Consultant Design Team -
Building Maintenance Equipment Consultant Design Team -
* Is responsible for determining how the exterior wall will be accessed for maintenance, such as
window washing and selecting the equipment
* May prepare construction drawings and specifications
* May participate in construction administration (PDPG 2.3.19)
Building Transportation Consultant Design Team
Building Transportation Consultant Design Team
- Is responsible for performing traffic studies and selecting the equipment for elevators, escalators, moving walks, and dumbwaiters
- May prepare construction drawings and specifications
- May participate in construction administration (PDPG 2.3.16)
Buyer
The procedures for purchasing are similar to bidding and negotiating. Public Owners are required to obtain goods at the most competitive price available at the time the purchase is made. Therefore public Owners (hereinafter referred to as buyers) solicit purchasing proposals by legal advertisement and distribute documents to prospective supplying Contractors (hereinafter referred to as sellers). Private buyers also need to purchase goods and special services at competitive prices. (PDPG 12.9.1)
Buyer
Buyer is anyone who purchases a product for incorporation in the construction project. (CPRPG 2.18.1)
Buyout
Buyout is one of the Contractor’s preconstruction activities between award of the contract and the actual start of construction. Buyout can and often does extend past the start of construction, but the majority of these tasks are completed before it starts. During buyout, the Contractor issues subcontracts, supply contracts, and purchase orders for the work to be done. Any final negotiating with suppliers and subcontractors is also done during buyout. (CAPG 3.1.2 pg. 38, CPRPG 9.7.1.2)
CAD
Computer-Aided Drafting
CAD Layer Guidelines
CAD Layer Guidelines provide a hierarchical organization for describing drawing layers. The user can identify or name layers on the basis of the level of detail provided in each drawing layer. The guidelines define four data fields within layer names: Discipline Designator, major group, minor groups, status. (PDPG 11.2.7.2)
CADD
Computer-Aided Design & Drafting
Calendar Days
Working days and calendar days are the two most common methods of establishing contract time. See also Time. (CCAPG 3.4.8.13)
Calls
Visiting an A/E, Contractor, or Owner to introduce a new product or update product information is referred to as a call. (CPRPG 2.16)
Cash Allowance
A monetary sum that the bidder includes as part of the contract sum to account for certain items to be determined at a later time. (PDPG 8.14.2.1, CPRPG 6.6.2)
CC&R
Codes, Covenants and Restrictions
CCB
CCB Administered by the National Institute of Building Science (NIBS), and found on the Whole Building Design Guide web site (www.wbdg.org/references/docs_refs.php), the CCB was developed for electronic dissemination of specifications, technical manuals, standards, electronic details, and other documents. Use of the CCB is intended to improve the quality of construction, decrease overlap and conflicts that exist among criteria, speed introduction of new technology into the construction process, and improve dissemination of design and construction information. (PDPG 11.3.17.5)
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Certificate of Occupancy and Temporary Certificate of Occupancy (TCO)
An important item to be submitted with the Contractor’s notice of substantial completion is evidence that AHJs, such as the building official, have completed their required inspections and the project meets their requirements. Evidence is often in the form of a certificate of occupancy issued by the AHJ. This evidence may also be in the form of signed-off permits, a temporary certificate of occupancy, or some other written format used by the AHJ. (CAPG 12.3.7.1 pg. 244)
Certificate of Substantial Completion
The A/E prepares the certificate of substantial completion. This certificate includes the date of substantial completion, identification of the substantially complete portion of the project, and responsibilities of the Contractor and the Owner for utilities, maintenance, security, insurance, and damage to the project. The certificate of substantial completion also includes the specified time limit for the Contractor to complete outstanding items of work. (PDPG 13.13.3.6 CCAPG 12.3.7.5 (fig. 12.3 & 12.4))
Certificate of Substantial Completion
The date of substantial completion is established by the A/E and documented by the issuance of a certificate of substantial completion. The certificate of substantial completion is prepared by the A/E and signed by the A/E, Contractor, and Owner. (PDPG 14.1.2.5)
Certificates
Certificates may be required to certify quality or characteristics of materials, quality of fabrication, or quality of installation. Certifications may be required to attest to the performance and quality of a fabricated item or system. The specifications state the type of certification required, who is acceptable to certify, and when certificates need to be submitted. In most cases certifications are submitted after the work to be certified has been completed. (PDPG 11.5.3.2; PDPG 13.6.3.2; CCAPG 5.3.2.2)
Certificates includes
Certificates includes certificates of insurance and certificates of compliance with applicable laws and regulations. (PDPG 11.1.2)
Certificates of Insurance
The Owner establishes the project requirements for insurance in consultation with legal counsel and insurance advisors. The general and supplementary conditions state the requirements. The CSI Construction Specifications Practice Guide includes a description of types of insurance. (PDPG 13.4.4, CCAPG 3.4.1 fig. 3.4 & 3.5, CPRPG 9.7.4.1)
Certifications
Certifications may be required to verify that performance is equivalent to that of tested units or specified criteria. Certifications may also be required by AHJs. (CSPG 1.8.4)
Certify
To certify means to attest in writing or orally to the validity or contract compliance of an item; to assert as a matter of fact. (PDPG 13.3.2 CCAPG 2.2)
Change Directive
A construction change directive is a means of ordering changes in the work when the Owner and Contractor have not agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. With a construction change directive, the Owner may, without invalidating the contract, order changes in the work within the general scope of the contract consisting of additions, deletions, or other revisions, the contract sum or contract time being adjusted accordingly. A construction change directive is used in the absence of total agreement on the terms of a change order. (PDPG 13.9.2.3 Spec PG 9.5.2)
Change Directive
Direct the Contractor to make a change to the project before the Owner and Contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the Owner and the Contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established. (PDPG 13.9.2.3 Spec PG 9.5.2 CCAPG 8.2.1.5, CPRPG 9.12.2.2.5)
Change Orders
Change Orders are modifications issued after the agreement is executed. (PDPG 13.9.2.4)
Change Order Request
Change Order Request may be used by the Contractor to initiate proposed changes that the Contractor deems necessary. (PDPG 13.9.2.4 CCAPG 8.2.1.3 (fig. 8.5, 8.6, 8.7))
Change Orders
A change order is a written instruction to the Contractor issued after execution of the agreement. It authorizes an addition, deletion, or revision to the project in consideration of an adjustment in the contract sum, contract time, or both. A change order is used for changes to the contract documents that affect contract sum or time. A principle of most standard general conditions is that only the Owner has authority to execute a change order. The term execute, as used here, means an Owner authorization for the change order. (PDPG 13.9.2.4; CSPG 9.5.1 CAPG 8.2.1.6 pg. 158, CPRPG 9.12.2.2.6)
Civil Engineer
Civil Engineer Design Team - Is responsible for the technical and engineering design of the site for the following:
- Improvements, such as streets, roads, paving, plazas, and retaining walls
- Service utilities, such as water, sewer, energy, communications, and storm drainage
- Shaping the topography of the land, such as earthwork, cut and fill grading
- Provides construction drawings and specifications
- Participates in construction administration (PDPG 2.3.2)
Claim
Claim is a request for compensation for dealing with a situation that differs materially from what was anticipated by the parties at the time of entering into the contract. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 CCAPG 10.1)
Claim
Claim is used in reference to insurance, a claim may be a demand by an individual or corporation to recover, under a policy of insurance, for loss that may come within that policy. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7, CPRPG 9.14.2)
Claimant
Commonly used to refer to a party who files a claim against the bond. This could be the Owner or a subcontractor or supplier seeking recovery under the payment bond. (Spec PG 16.2)
Claims-Made Policy
Policies written under a claims-made basis will cover claims made (reported or filed) during the year the policy is in force for any incidents that may occur that year or during any previous period the policyholder was insured under the claims-made contract. This form of coverage is in contrast to the occurrence policy that covers today’s incident regardless of when a claim is filed, even one or more years later. (PDPG 11.3.20.2 Spec PG 17.7)
Clarifications and proposals
Clarifications and proposals include documents initiating changes or clarifications that have not been incorporated into the contract by formal contract modifications. These documents include requests and proposals. (PDPG 11.1.2)
Class
A portion of a UniFormat project manual covering one or more segments of the work. Equivalent to a MasterFormat section, only those classes used are included. (Spec PG 4.2.2.1)
Clean Water Act
Clean Water Act is a federal policy that affects design and construction by controlling the amount and type of pollutants that may be discharged into public waterways. (PDPG 4.4.2)
The four C’s
Clear, Concise, Complete, Correct (The four C’s) (CPRPG 7.3)
Closed Bidding
Only those bidders that have been prequalified, preselected, or invited by the Owner may submit bids. (PDPG 7.2.2)
Closed Proprietary Specifications
Closed Proprietary Specifications do not allow for substitutions (PDPG 11.3.6.4; Spec PG 3.1, CPRPG 7.2.4.1)
Closeout and Maintenance Submittals
At or near completion of a project, a number of submittals are processed, including: Written notices of substantial and final completion (prepared by the Contractor) and delivered to the A/E, indicating when the Contractor believes these milestones are reached; Final application for payment; Record documents (shop drawings, record drawings and specifications, addenda, change orders, field orders, photographs); O&M data; Spare parts and maintenance materials; Certificates of payment; Release of liens and waiver of debts and claims; Consent of surety to final payment; Special warranties; Keying. (CCAPG 5.4, CPRPG 10.3.1)
Closeout and Maintenance Submittals
At or near completion of a project, a number of submittals are processed, including: (PDPG 13.6.3.3 pg. 406)
- O&M data
- Bonds
- Special warranties
- Record documents (shop drawings, record drawings and specifications, addenda, change orders, field orders, photographs)
- Spare parts and maintenance materials (sometimes called attic stock)
- Keying
Closeout Procedures/Meeting
Closeout Procedures/Meeting is used to review requirements for the completion of the contract and to obtain submittal of the necessary final documents. Separate meetings may be required for substantial completion, final completion, and warranty reviews. Review of closeout procedures at the initial progress meeting or preconstruction meeting is recommended. (CAPG 4.2.5 (See list this page), CPRPG 9.8.2.5)
CMa
Construction Management as Adviser (CPRPG Fig 2.1c)
CMAA
Construction Management Association of America
CMc
Construction Manager as Contractor
Code Consultant Design Team
Code Consultant Design Team - (PDPG 2.3.12)
*Advises, assists, makes recommendations, and evaluates the design for compliance with the applicable building codes
*Assists with obtaining permits from AHJs
Codes
Codes specify minimum requirements for the design and construction of new and renovated buildings for the safety of persons and the protection of property. Building codes are developed and maintained by model code-writing organizations. (PDPG 4.3)
COE
Army Corp of Engineers
Cold Call
Cold Call occurs when a product representative makes an unsolicited visit to a contact. (CPRPG 2.16.1)
Collaboration
Collaboration is another term reflecting the need to cooperatively work together. Collaboration may simply be people working together as a team. (CPRPG 5.5.6)
Combined Bid Requirements
Combined Bid Requirements for public projects with multiple-prime Contractors often include provisions for combined bidding to reduce project management and coordination cost. The bid form is structured to allow bidders to submit bids for more than one major category of work with the potential for cost savings and reduced administrative burdens on the participants. If a combined bid is lower than the aggregate of individual bids, a combined contract can be awarded. (PDPG 12.7.2.4)
Commercial General Liability Policy
The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence type coverage. (Spec PG 17.3.2)
Commercial Master Guide Specifications
Commercial Master Guide Specifications is designed to accommodate a variety of construction types, geographic locations, code jurisdictions, and client types. There are several producers of full-length commercially available master guide specifications including American Institute of Architects (AIA), ARCOM (Architectural Computer Services, Inc.), MASTERSPEC, Construction Sciences Research Foundation (CSRF) SPECTEXT and Building Systems Design (BSD) SpecLink. (CSPG 10.6)
Commissioning Agent
The Owner engages an agent to ensure that the Owner’s defined requirements are achieved and the completed facility functions in compliance with the contract documents. (CPRPG 4.2)
Commissioning Authority
Commissioning Authority may be hired by the Owner to help ensure that the completed facility, or portions thereof, meet the Owner’s requirements. The commissioning authority may be involved in total project commissioning or may be limited to building systems commissioning. (CAPG 2.8 pg. 31-32) The role of the commissioning authority during project closeout varies, depending on the provisions of the commissioning authority’s contract with the Owner. At one end of the spectrum, the total facility commissioning authority may be responsible for verifying compliance with Owner requirements, reviewing systems, equipment start-up, and operational testing. At the other end of the spectrum, the building system commissioning authority may be responsible only for operational testing of one or more systems. (CAPG 12.3.5 pg. 241)
Commissioning
Identifies process and requirements for facility, system, and component operation testing and checkout. (CSPG 1.8.3)
Commissioning
Commissioning process is defined by the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air- Conditioning Engineers as a method to improve the delivery of a process. Focusing on quality, the method includes making sure that all components of the building are planned, installed, and maintained according the Owner’s requirements. The total project commissioning and total building commissioning goes beyond normal verification of mechanical and electrical system performance and includes the entire project or building. (PDPG 2.8)
Commissioning
There are two basic types of commissioning: total project commissioning and systems and equipment commissioning. Total project commissioning, also referred to as total facility commissioning, begins during project conception and continues through facility management and use. Total project commissioning documents the Owner’s facility criteria and verifies that the criteria are achieved and that the facility is placed into proper operation. System and equipment commissioning includes detailed operational testing, adjusting, and training of specific systems or equipment to ensure their readiness for use in the occupied facility. (PDPG 14.1.2.6)
Commodities
Commodities can be defined as goods that can be uniformly and consistently produced by various manufacturers with the same predetermined quality. Materials become commodities when they are specified without a specific manufacturer being named, and material from any manufacturer will be acceptable. (PDPG 10.2.2, CPRPG 6.4)
Company Standards
A manufacturer or fabricator has the option of developing and imposing a standard for their production that is more restrictive than a traditional or commonly used standard developed by other organizations. (PDPG 4.6.2)
Competitive Bidding
Competitive Bidding is the most effective method of determining the least cost for constructing the work that is described and defined by the bidding documents. Competitive bidding creates an environment where bidders at every level, Contractor, subcontractor, and supplier, must carefully and seriously consider every aspect of their bid in the attempt to be awarded the work by providing a lower price than any of the other bidders. A bid states, or stipulates, the price the bidder will charge to perform the work (including overhead and profit) and may, if requested by the bidding documents, include the length of time required to complete the work. The project design is developed and bidding documents prepared by the A/E for the Owner that are then made available to bidders. (PDPG 7.2.2)
Competitive Bidding
In competitive bidding, prospective Contractors are invited to prepare and submit bids stating, in a specified format, the sum of money required to construct the project. It is a method of determining the lowest cost for accomplishing work defined by the procurement documents. The objective of bidding is to ensure that the cost of the project is reasonable and consistent with prevailing conditions in the construction industry. (PDPG 12.7.1)
Competitive Price
Competitive Price (that is, a low, yet fully considered price) represents an accurate analysis of the project, without underestimating or overestimating any applicable factor. (CPRPG 8.2.5)
Completed Operations
A form of liability insurance that provides coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising out of the operations that have been completed or abandoned provided the accident occurs away from the premises owned or rented by the insured (PDPG 11.3.20.1)
Completion
“Time is of the essence” is a key element of the agreement and may be an over- riding factor for completion. The time available is generally established by Owner in the project schedule developed during project conception. The amount of time for completion may be expressed in agreements in terms of calendar date(s) or a specific quantity of days. Days are usually defined in the conditions of the contract as calendar days. (PDPG 7.1.5)
Compliant Document Review Program
CSI offers a program to review guide specifications for compliance with CSI recommendations and standards. (CPRPG 7.2.5)
Comprehensive General Liability Policy
The terms comprehensive general liability and commercial general liability are both used to describe broad-based liability insurance. Most general liability policies were and are written on an occurrence type coverage. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.3.2)
Comprehensive General Liability Policy
A broad form of liability insurance usually covering business organizations to protect them against liability claims for bodily injury and property damage arising from operations, products and completed operations, and independent Contractors, but excluding coverage for liability arising from the use of automobiles (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Comprehensive Policy
This term applies to a variety of policies that provide broad protection. (PDPG 11.3.20.1 Spec PG 17.7)
Concealed Conditions
Concealed Conditions are conditions that are not documented or that could not have been observed at the site at the time of the pricing. These conditions may include: Subsurface soil conditions materially different from those represented in a geotechnical report; Concealed conditions uncovered during construction (PDPG 13.11.1.1 CCAPG 8.2.2.2)
Conditions of the Contract
Conditions of the Contract consist of the general conditions and the supplementary conditions. The conditions of the contract mirror responsibilities dictated in the Owner-A/E agreement and the Owner-Contractor agreement. Of all the documents used in construction, the conditions of the contract most clearly establish the responsibilities for CCA and Contractor project management. The conditions of the contract identify the basic rights, procedural and contractual responsibilities, and relationships between the parties involved in the performance of the contract. (PDPG 11.5.4.2, CSPG 6.1 CAPG 3.3.1.3 pg. 46)
Conditions of the Contract
Conditions of the Contract define basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the parties involved in the performance of the contract. Conditions of the contract consist of: General Conditions and Supplementary Conditions. (PDPG 11.5.4.2, CSPG 6.1)
Conditions of the Contract
Conditions of the Contract Standards are incorporated by reference into the specifications and thus become commonly known as reference standards. They are published by trade associations, professional societies, standards-writing organizations, governments, and institutional organizations. (CSPG 6.1)
Conditions of the Contract
Conditions of the Contract are broad clauses that define the basic rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the entities associated in the construction of a project. General conditions have wide applicability to almost all projects and are available as standardized documents that are prepared by various professional societies. Supplementary conditions modify the requirements of the general conditions when necessary to fit the needs of a specific project. (PDPG 11.5.4.2, CSPG 6.1)
Consensus Standards
A variation of a company standard is a group of manufacturers of the same or similar product voluntarily agreeing to be bound to a standard developed by a consensus of the manufacturers. (PDPG 4.6.2)
Constructability Review
Constructability Review is a review of the design to determine if it is practical to construct with the means, methods, and products available at the proposed time of construction, within the Owner’s budget, and within the proposed time requirements for the project. (PDPG 8.6, CPRPG 6.3.5)
Construction Administrator (Architect) Design Team
Construction Administrator (Architect) Design Team -
- Administers the construction contract
- Works with the Owner and Contractors during construction
- Generates and/or processes change orders, supplemental instructions, and change requests
- Reviews submittals, observes the work, responds to questions, and interprets the construction documents
- Reviews Contractor’s applications for payment and requests for substitutions
- May have limited decision -making power about the project design (PDPG 2.3.1.10)
Construction Budget
Construction Budget usually accounts for the biggest portion of the project budget. It includes the cost of bonds, insurance, products and systems, and labor both to construct the facility and to verify and administer the construction process (e.g., materials testing and inspection). (PDPG 6.7.3)
Construction Change Directive (AIA) or Work Change Directive (EJCDC)
AIA Document G714, Construction Change Directive, and EJCDC C-940, Work Change Directive, direct the Contractor to make a change to the project before the Owner and Contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time…The change directive is prepared by the A/E and signed by both the A/E and the Owner. (CAPG 8.2.1.5 pg. 153)
Construction Change Directive
Construction Change Directive AIA Document G714, Construction Change Directive, and EJCDC C-940, Work Change Directive, direct the Contractor to make a change to the project before the Owner and Contractor have agreed upon the proposed changes in contract sum or time. Change directives are used in the absence of an agreement between the Owner and the Contractor on the terms of a change order or when the value of a change cannot be determined until after the work is performed. The change directive may or may not affect the contract sum or time; however, the change directive serves as notice that the change will be incorporated in a change order once the value of the work is established. (PDPG 13.9.2.3; CSPG 9.5.2; CCAPG 8.2.1.5)
Construction Claim
When either an interpretation or a modification affects contract sum or time for completion of construction, a claim may be submitted. An unresolved claim may lead to a dispute. Other factors relative to the performance of obligations by each of the parties may also give rise to unanticipated claims. Whatever the sources of construction claims may be, the success of the project depends, to a large extent, on how well the Owner, architect/engineer (A/E), and Contractor manage these claims. (CAPG 10.1 pg. 201)
Construction
Constructing a project requires knowledge of the numerous components as well as management skills to ensure that participants work together in harmony to complete a facility. Construction involves cost estimating, procurement, coordination of construction activities, and the physical construction. Much construction is performed by specialists in many different trades. These specialists are usually employed by a Contractor as subcontractors. (PDPG 2.4)
Construction
Construction is the execution of the work as required by the contract documents. (PDPG 13.1 CCAPG 1)
Construction Contract Administration
Construction Contract Administration are activities related to administering the contract for construction, typically performed by the A/E (CAPG 1.1 pg. 2) Construction contract administration begins when the agreement between the Owner and Contractor is executed and ends when final payment is accepted by the Contractor. (CAPG 1.1 Pg. 2)
Construction Contract Administrator
As a member of the design team, the construction contract administrator is responsible for administering the construction contract for the A/E. This involves processing, and in some cases generating, the documents used during construction, such as change orders, construction observation reports, supplemental instructions or field orders, change proposals, and payment applications. The construction contract administrator also reviews and processes requests for interpretation, shop drawings, submittals, and substitution requests. (PDPG 2.3.1.10, CPRPG 2.6.2))
Construction Contract Administrator
Construction Contract Administrator interprets, administers, and enforces the terms of a construction contract during the construction of a project (PDPG 2.3.1.10)
Construction Contract
The necessary parts of a typical construction contract are as follows: The parties are identified in the contract; The parties make promises that constitute an offer; Both parties sign the contract indicating that they understand and agree to the terms and commit themselves to the offers made; Both parties receive consideration: the payment for products and work performed is the Contractor’s consideration, and beneficial use and Ownership of the project is the Owner’s consideration. The A/E and related consultants provide services which are considered differently from products; The parties to the contract have the legal authority to negotiate a contract. (PDPG 5.3)
Construction Cost
This includes the estimates for the probable cost of constructing the project, including building permit fees, materials, labor, tools, and equipment, bonds, insurance, and initial maintenance agreements associated with construction. During the project conception stage, this cost is estimated. After bidding or negotiation the cost will be more clearly defined; however, the cost of construction will not be fully known until the project is completed. (PDPG 6.7.2, CPRPG 8.2.4)
Construction Document Modifications
Written construction document modifications are the means for communicating changes to the bidders or proposers during procurement and to the Contractor during construction. (CSPG 9.2)
Construction Documents Stage (Life Cycle)
Construction Documents Stage (Life Cycle) (referred to as the final design phase in engineering projects) is based on the Owner-approved design development documents and any further adjustments in the scope of the project or the project budget. During this stage the A/E prepares documents that will be used to file for permits and approvals from AHJs and to obtain prices upon which a bid or a negotiated contract can be based. (PDPG 3.4.6)
Construction Documents
Construction Documents are defined as the written and graphic documents prepared or assembled by the A/E for communicating the project design for construction and administering the construction contract. Construction documents include two major types of documents: Procurement documents and contract documents. (PDPG 11.2.9.1)
Construction Drawings
Construction Drawings consist of contract drawings and resource drawings. Contract drawings are those that describe the work of the project. Resource drawings show existing conditions, or new construction related to the work, but are not included in the contract. Contract drawings are legally enforceable and, depending on the requirements of a project, may include drawings that show the following: Deconstruction/demolition of existing construction to be removed; Alterations of existing construction to be modified; and New construction. (PDPG 11.2.3.3)
Construction Management
Construction Management services are often provided in one of two basic forms: construction manager as constructor (CMc), sometimes known as construction manager at risk, and construction manager as adviser (CMa). (CAPG 1.4.2 pg. 13) Contractor project management should not be confused with construction management. Construction management is a delivery method. Contractor project management is managing the construction process, (CAPG 1.1 pg. 2)
Construction Management Project delivery method
Construction Management Project delivery method - Construction management involves a construction manager who can serve as an “advisor” (CMa) or perform construction as a “Contractor” (CMc). (PDPG 7.4.2)
Construction Management Project delivery method
Construction Management Project delivery method - Construction management is the process of professional management applied to a construction project from conception to completion for controlling project time, cost, and extent. (PDPG 7.4, CPRPG 5.4.3, CPRPG Fig. 5.8)
Construction Management Project delivery method -
Construction Management Project delivery method - Construction management services are often provided in one of two basic forms: construction manager as Contractor (CMc) sometimes known as construction manager at risk, and construction manager as adviser (CMa). CMc is effectively the Contractor and provides Contractor project management services; guarantees the cost of construction, and signs subcontracts for most or all of the construction work. CMa usually divides the project into multiple contracts for procurement and award of contracts. CMa provides management services to the Owner and usually includes consolidating applications for payment and coordination among contracts. A construction manager may also provide construction expertise, cost estimating experience, and scheduling services to the A/E during the design stage of a project. (PDPG 7.4 CCAPG 1.4.2)
Construction Manager
Construction Manager is an individual or a firm that is hired by the Owner to supplement the Owner’s role in the project. (PDPG 7.4)
Construction Manager
An entity that typically contracts with the Owner to provide construction management services. The construction manager as agent (CMa) is employed by the Owner to act as an advisor. The construction manager as Contractor (CMc) is engaged to provide construction. The construction manager may provide construction expertise, estimating, and scheduling services. The construction manager may perform contracting, purchasing, and supervising of construction by guaranteeing the cost of the project and signing subcontracts, in which case the construction manager acts as a Contractor and not an advisor. (PDPG 7.4, CPRPG 4.2)
Construction Manager
An Owner may employ a construction manager under separate contract to act as an adviser and facilitate project construction. (CPRPG 2.6.3)
Construction Manager as Agent (Advisor) Project delivery method
Construction Manager as Agent (Advisor) Project delivery method - When a construction manager serves as agent or advisor to the Owner, the abbreviation CMa is used and the Owner maintains direct contractual relationships with the A/E as well as the Contractor(s). In standard documents from the Construction Management Association of America and some documents from the AGC, the CMa acts as the Owner’s agent and is given authority to act on the Owner’s behalf. In standard documents from the AIA, the CMa acts as an advisor and does not have the authority to act on behalf of the Owner. In either case, the CMa usually does not bear financial risk in this role. The CMa’s role is to advise the Owner on the management of the design and construction of the project. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.3)
Construction Manager as Agent (CMa) Project delivery method
Construction Manager as Agent (CMa) Project delivery method - In acting as the CMa, the construction manager provides all of the CCA services typically provided by the Owner, and may provide many of the CCA services typically provided by the A/E. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.3, CCAPG 1.4.2, CPRPG Fig. 2.1c.)
Construction Manager as Agent Project delivery method
Construction Manager as Agent Project delivery method - The construction manager as agent (CMa) is employed by the Owner to act on the Owners behalf. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.3)
Construction Manager as Contractor (CMc) Project delivery method
Construction Manager as Contractor (CMc) Project delivery method - In this variation of construction management, the Owner first contracts with an A/E to develop the design of the project. The Owner then negotiates a contract with a CMc who generally consults with the A/E and Owner, prepares preliminary project schedule, makes recommendations for phased construction, prepares preliminary cost estimates, and, when documents are sufficiently complete, proposes a GMP and executes the construction as a Contractor. This type of construction management is sometimes called “at-risk” construction management because the CMc is responsible for the completed project and bears the financial risk in the same manner as a Contractor. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.4, CPRPG Fig. 2.1d.))
Construction Manager as Contractor Project delivery method
Construction Manager as Contractor Project delivery method - The Construction Manager as Contractor (CMc) is engaged to provide construction. (PDPG 7.4; PDPG 7.4.4)
Construction Photographs
The specifications may require the Contractor to record the progress of the work photographically. The specifications identify the type of photo, size, finish, orientation, and identification required. The photos become a visual record of the progress of the work and are often used to resolve disputes concerning the status of the completion of the work. They are an informational submittal and are not required to be reviewed and approved by the A/E. (CCAPG 5.3.2.9)
Construction Progress Schedule
The Contractor is responsible for preparing a construction progress schedule that shows the estimated start and completion dates of the major activities of the construction process. (CAPG 3.4.8 pg. 59-60)
Construction Progress Schedule
The type of schedule specified for a project depends on the project requirements. The type of project delivery, extent of the project, and its contracts usually govern the degree of detail specified for the schedule. Following are the important aspects of construction progress schedules: Contract time; Milestone events and dates; Submittal review and approval dates; Coordination requirements and interrelationship of activities; Related construction activities; Lead time necessary to obtain products and equipment; Activity durations; Frequency of updates; Type of reports required, Project Costs and manpower loading (if required). (PDPG 13.10.5 CCAPG 3.4.8 (fig. 3.8), CPRPG 9.7.4.8)
Construction Reporting Services
Construction Reporting Services provide information about projects as a service to prospective project participants (PDPG 12.6.1, CPRPG 4.2)
Construction Services
Constructing a project involves significant time, money, and personnel to carry a design into physical completion as a facility. Due to this major commitment, construction services should not be taken lightly. Construction services can include estimating, scheduling, contracting, and actual construction as well as comprehensive management services, such as construction management, and project management, for complex projects. Construction of a project is performed by one or more Contractors often contracting with subcontractors.
Construction management involves a construction manager who can serve as an “advisor” (CMa) or perform construction as a “Contractor (CMc) Contracting services are typically bid or negotiated and involve the construction of a design in accordance with contract documents prepared by an A/E. Design and construction services may be combined into what is known as design-build project delivery. (PDPG 13.3.3)
Construction Stage (Life Cycle)
Construction traditionally begins with the execution of an Owner-Contractor agreement and is often the most demanding stage of any project. During construction, the Contractor’s responsibilities include performing the work of the project in accordance with the contract documents, including project coordination, complying with project quality provisions, submittal procedures, execution of the work, contract closeout procedures, and compliance with warranty provisions. The A/E is normally responsible for monitoring the Contractor’s compliance with the contract by reviewing submittals, providing construction observation services, evaluating proposals for contract modifications, certifying applications for payment, and making final inspections of work for contract closeout. The Owner’s responsibilities include providing information necessary for preserving the Contractor’s lien rights, furnishing surveys and legal information regarding the site, processing payments, approving contract modifications, providing Owner-furnished products or services in a timely manner, and accepting the project upon completion. (PDPG 3.4.6)
Construction Stage (Life Cycle)
Construction Stage (Life Cycle) of the project follows the design and bidding/negotiating/purchasing (procurement) stage and precedes the Owner occupancy/facility management stage in the life cycle of a facility. Construction is a team effort that includes the Contractors, subcontractors, testing agencies, architect/engineer (A/E), consultants, Owner, and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs), product representatives, and others, all working toward the common goal of delivering the completed facility ready for its intended use. (PDPG 3.4.6 CCAPG 1, CPRPG 9.2)
