MODULE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 1

motor (efferent)
sensory (afferent)
somatic
autonomic
sympathetic
parasympathetic

Question 2

motor division

Answer 2

efferent - transmits motor commands from CNS to periphery

Question 3

sensory

Answer 3

(afferent) - transmits sensory information from periphery to CNS

Question 4

somatic

Answer 4

voluntary motor control of skeletal system

Question 5

autonomic

Answer 5

involuntary motor control of smooth and cardiac muscle

Question 6

sympathetic

Answer 6

fight or flight response

Question 7

parasympathetic

Answer 7

rest and digest

Question 8

olfactory nerve

Answer 8

1- sensory : smell
motor : none

Question 9

optic nerve

Answer 9

2. sensory : vision
   motor : none

Question 10

oculomotor

Answer 10

3. sensory: none
   motor: movement of the eye

Question 11

trochlear nerve

Answer 11

4. sensory : none
   motor: movement of the eye

Question 12

trigeminal nerve

Answer 12

5. sensory: forehead, eye, upper jaw, lower jaw
   motor: muscles of mastication

Question 13

abducens nerve

Answer 13

6. sensory: none
   motor: movement of the eye

Question 14

facial nerve

Answer 14

7. sensory: taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
   motor: muscles or facial expression. parasympathetic innervation of tear and salivary glands

Question 15

vestibulocochlear nerve

Answer 15

8: sensory: equilibrium and hearing
motor:none

Question 16

glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 16

9: sensory: innervation of the pharynx. taste for posterior 1/3 of tongue.
motor: pharynx muscles, salivary glands.

Question 17

vagus nerve

Answer 17

10. sensory: innervation of larynx. motor: pharynx and larynx muscles. parasympathetic innervation of thoracic and abdominal organs

Question 18

accessory nerve

Answer 18

11. sensory: none
    motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Question 19

hypoglossal nerve

Answer 19

12. sensory: none
    motor: muscles or the tongue

Question 20

how is a spinal nerve formed

Answer 20

the union of the posterior(sensory) and anterior (motor) roots of the spinal cord

Question 21

how many spinal nerves are there

Answer 21

31

Question 22

a two neuron pathway. between the CNS and any target organs, there are two neurons.

Answer 22

Autonomic nervous system

Question 23

this fibre/ neuron has its cell body within the CNS. it’s axon enters into the PNS and travels through the autonomic ganglion

Answer 23

preganglionic fibre

Question 24

where the preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons meet and communicate. located in the PNS

Answer 24

autonomic ganglion

Question 25

located entirely in the PNS, it’s cell body is in the autonomic ganglion, while it’s axon travels to the target organ

Answer 25

post ganglionic neuron

Question 26

differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic

Answer 26

sympathetic : spinal cord segment T1- L2 ( thoracolumbar division) fight or flight widely distributed to many parts of the body parasympathetic nervous system: brainstem and spinal cord segment S2- S4 ( also called craniosacral division) rest and digest. more limited distribution to target organs, with localized effect

Question 27

sympathetic pathways

Answer 27

1: Lateral horn of spinal cord - sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the lateral horn of the spinal cord, along with somatic motor axons, to form the anterior root. 2: sympathetic trunk - preganglionic axons pass through the spinal nerve to the sympathetic trunk, a structure lateral to the spinal cord on either side. the sympathetic trunk provides a pathway for the sympathetic fibres to travel through the body. both superior ly and inferiorly. 3: preganglionic neurons synapse and postganglionic neurons synapse with post ganglionic neurons in the ganglia 4: post ganglionic axons leave the sympathetic trunk to enter the spinal nerve and extend to the effector tissue/ organ at approximately that vertebral level

Question 28

parasympathetic pathways

Answer 28

1: preganglionic neurons leave the brain or spinal cord at the level of the sacrum 2: preganglionic neurons meet postganglionic neurons in ganglia close to viscera 3: postganglionic neurons travel to effector organs: postganglionic neurons from CN 3, 7 and 9 supply the head CN X supplies the thorax to the descending colon S2,3,4 supply the terminal gut and pelvic viscera ( bladder and reproductive organs)

Question 29

this gland produces tears, which keep the cornea, or outside surface of the eyeball, moist and clean

Answer 29

Lacrimal gland

Question 30

contains levator palpebrae superioris muscle and orbicularis oculi, which controls the opening and closing of the eyelid,

Answer 30

eyelid

Question 31

six extrinsic eye muscles that allow you to move your eyes to increase range of motion.

Answer 31

extrinsic eye muscles

Question 32

eye muscles

Answer 32

medial rectus inferior rectus superior oblique superior rectus lateral rectus inferior oblique

Question 33

eye cavities

Answer 33

posterior chamber anterior chamber anterior cavity lens posterior cavity

Question 34

composed of the anterior and posterior chambers, both filled with aqueous humour

Answer 34

anterior cavity

Question 35

separates the anterior cavity of the eye from the posterior cavity

Answer 35

lens

Question 36

filled with vitreous humour ( gelatinous fluid)

Answer 36

posterior cavity

Question 37

layers of the eye

Answer 37

outer layers - fibrous middle layer - vascular deep layer - sensory (retina)

Question 38

internal aspect of the firbous tunic, located posterior to the lens. forms the white portion of the eye. it is layer of dense connective tissue that acts as a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles

Answer 38

sclera

Question 39

external aspect of fibrous tunic, located anterior to the lense. transparent enabling light transmission

Answer 39

cornea

Question 40

external aspect of fibrous tunic, located anterior to the lense. transparent enabling light transmission

Answer 40

cornea

Question 41

contains blood vessels that supply the eye with oxygen and nourishment

Answer 41

choroid

Question 42

produces aqueous humour and contains the ciliary muscles ( intrinsic eye muscles) which controls shape of the lens

Answer 42

ciliary body

Question 43

produces aqueous humour and contains the ciliary muscles ( intrinsic eye muscles) which controls shape of the lens

Answer 43

ciliary body

Question 44

contains the sphincter and dilator muscles (intrinsic eye muscles) which control the narrowing and widening of the pupil. contain pigments, which gives the eye its colour

Answer 44

iris

Question 45

consists of the neural layer, optic disc, macula, and CN ii (optic nerve). this layer is also known as the retina

Answer 45

sensory tunic (Retina)

Question 46

made up of photoreceptors. (rods and cones), which are light sensitive cells. these receptor send signals through smaller nerves to the axons of the ganglion cells ( inner most layer of the retina) exit the posterior aspect of the globe to the brain to form CN ii

Answer 46

neural layer

Question 47

made up of photoreceptors. (rods and cones), which are light sensitive cells. these receptor send signals through smaller nerves to the axons of the ganglion cells ( inner most layer of the retina) exit the posterior aspect of the globe to the brain to form CN ii

Answer 47

neural layer

Question 48

area where smaller nerve cell axons converge.

Answer 48

optic disc

Question 49

central area of retina, lateral to optic disc.

Answer 49

macula

Question 50

central depression of macula where fine detailed vision occurs

Answer 50

fovea

Question 51

disease where aqueous humour is not able to flow freely. this causes excess fluid to accumulate in the chambers of the eye, increases pressure on structures in the eyes, leads to damage of the neural tunic or retina and nerves in this layer

Answer 51

glaucoma