MODULE 8: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Question 1

physical characteristics of blood

Answer 1

-viscosity 4x water
- temperature 38°c
- ph levels 7.35
- volume in an individual 5L

Question 2

main components of blood

Answer 2

plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)

Question 3

components of plasma

Answer 3

plasma proteins( 7%)
inorganic salts (1%)
water (92%)

Question 4

components of plasma

Answer 4

plasma proteins( 7%)
inorganic salts (1%)
water (92%)

Question 5

what are the three formed elements in blood

Answer 5

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
thrombocytes (platelets)
leukocytes (white blood cells)

Question 6

knows as red blood cells, contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
- lack nuclei
- life span approx 120 days

Answer 6

erythrocytes

Question 7

known as platelets
smallest formed elements
function is hemostasis (stop bleeding)
- lack nuclei
- round shaped disks
- originate from megakaryocyyes in red bone marrow

Answer 7

thrombocytes

Question 8

known as white blood cells
contain a nucleus
does not contain hemoglobin
further divided into granulocytes and agranulocytes

Answer 8

leukocytes

Question 9

a division of leukocytes. common features are granules in the cytoplasm and a segmented or lobed nucleus.

Answer 9

granulocytes

Question 10

what are the three types of granulocytes

Answer 10

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 11

the most abundant cell type as they make up 60-70% of all white blood cells. they are the first line of defence against bacterial invasion and they are phagocytic outside the blood, meaning they engulf bacteria, particles, and other cells

Answer 11

neutrophils

Question 12

this division of granulocytes make up 2-4% of all white blood cells. they help defend the body against allergic reactions or parasitic infections

Answer 12

eosinophils

Question 13

these are the least common type of granulocytes, making up less than 1% of white blood cells. the heparin and histamine in the granules are released during inflammatory or allergic reactions

Answer 13

basophils

Question 14

this type of leukocyte (white blood cells) lacks granules in the cytoplasm and a have a nucleus that is round or indented.

Answer 14

agranulocytes

Question 15

types of agranulocytes

Answer 15

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 16

this type of agranuloctye account for 20-30% of white blood cells and are similar in size to red blood cells. these are involved in the branch of the immune system that attacks pathogens and abnormal cells.

Answer 16

lymphocytes

Question 17

this type of agranulocytes account for 3-8% of white blood cells and are very large in size. they can move outside the blood vessels into tissue where they change into large phagocytic cells called macrophages and act as a part of the immune system

Answer 17

monocytes

Question 18

structure of blood vessels

Answer 18

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica intima

Question 19

this outer layer of the blood vessel is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres

Answer 19

tunica externa

Question 20

this outer layer of the blood vessel is composed of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres

Answer 20

tunica externa

Question 21

this middle layer of the blood vessel is composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Answer 21

tunica media

Question 22

this inner layer of the blood vessel is composed of simple squamous epithelium or endothelium

Answer 22

tunica intima

Question 23

the two different types of blood vessels

Answer 23

arteries and veins

Question 24

main characteristics of veins

Answer 24

• larger lumen compared to arteries
• far less muscle in the tunica media compared to arteries
• they have one way valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards

Question 25

types of arteries in the arterial system

Answer 25

- elastic artery - muscular artery - arteriole

Question 26

what are capillaries

Answer 26

- smallest blood vessels - the transition between arterioles and venules - consist of only the tunica intima plus a thin basement membrane

Question 27

these are the large arteries near the heart, such as the aorta. main characteristics of this type of artery include - large lumen - tunica media has more elastic fibres - exhibit stretching and recoiling characteristics

Answer 27

elastic artery

Question 28

this type of artery delivers blood to various regions and organs of the body. main characteristics include - thick tunica media with lots of smooth muscle - exhibit contractile characteristics

Answer 28

muscular artery

Question 29

this type of artery delivers blood to various regions and organs of the body. main characteristics include - thick tunica media with lots of smooth muscle - exhibit contractile characteristics

Answer 29

muscular artery

Question 30

how much blood volume resides in the arterial system vs the venous system

Answer 30

30-35% resides in arterial system 65-70% resides in venous system

Question 31

how much blood volume resides in the arterial system vs the venous system

Answer 31

30-35% resides in arterial system 65-70% resides in venous system

Question 32

types of circulation

Answer 32

pulmonary and systemic

Question 33

pulmonary system

Answer 33

carried deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation, and returns oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart

Question 34

systemic circulation

Answer 34

carrie’s oxygenated blood from the heart to other organ systems or tissues except the lungs. deoxygenated blood from tissues return to the heart

Question 35

where does the heart reside

Answer 35

in the mediastinum

Question 36

where does the heart reside

Answer 36

in the mediastinum

Question 37

the inferior and lateral portion of the heart on the left is known as

Answer 37

the apex

Question 38

types of pericardium

Answer 38

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

Question 39

types of pericardium

Answer 39

fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

Question 40

this type of pericardium is divided into the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

Answer 40

serous pericardium

Question 41

the most external protective covering of the heart

Answer 41

fibrous pericardium

Question 42

pericardial fluid does what

Answer 42

decreased friction between the two layers of serous pericardium when the heart beats

Question 43

chambers of the heart

Answer 43

right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle

Question 44

atria of the heart v

Answer 44

interatrial septum fossa ovalis auricles atrioventricular grooves

Question 45

the wall between the left and right atria where the fossa ovalis is found

Answer 45

interatrial septum

Question 46

a depression in the interatrial septum of the right atrium.

Answer 46

fossa ovalis

Question 47

extensions or pouches that project above the chambers of left and right atria, increasing the capacity of each atrium

Answer 47

auricles

Question 48

a depression between the atria and ventricles encircling the heart, also known as the coronary sulcus. this separates the atria from the ventricles externally, also houses the coronary vessels.

Answer 48

atrioventricular groove

Question 49

ventricles

Answer 49

interventricular sulcus interventricular septum trabeculae carneae papillary muscle

Question 50

function of the right ventricle

Answer 50

to pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated

Question 51

function of the left ventricle

Answer 51

pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

Question 52

located between the right atrium and right ventricle. this valve has structures known as chordate tendinae which are thin strands of collagen fibres that attach to the papillary muscles

Answer 52

tricuspid valve

Question 53

this valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle, also known as mitral valve. controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

Answer 53

biscuspid valve

Question 54

located between the left ventricle and aorta. controls blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

Answer 54

aortic semilunar valve

Question 55

a valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

Answer 55

pulmonary semilunar valve

Question 56

vessels draining blood into the heart

Answer 56

pulmonary veins superior vena cava coronary sinus inferior vena cava

Question 57

drains oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Answer 57

pulmonary veins

Question 58

drains deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

Answer 58

superior vena cava

Question 59

drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium

Answer 59

coronary sinus

Question 60

drains the deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium

Answer 60

inferior vena cava

Question 61

flow of oxygenated blood

Answer 61

lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta

Question 62

flow of deoxygenated blood

Answer 62

body > superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve > pulmonary arteries