Module 7 Flashcards
Causes of Infectious Disease Responses to Pathogens Immunity Prevention, Treatment and Control
Pathogen
an infectious agent that is capable of causing disease
what are the different types of pathogens in order
Prions < Viruses < Bacteria < Protozoa < Macroscopic
Give an example of a name of a Bacteria, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission
Name of Bacteria: Mycobacterium TB
Name of the disease: Tuberculosis
Symptoms: fever and coughing with blood
Mode of transmission: Air transmission via H20 droplet
Give an example of the name of a Virus, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission
Name of Virus: HIV Name of the disease: AIDS Symptoms: Weightloss diarrhea Mode of transmission: Direct method Sexual transmission via an infected partner, sharing a needle with contaminated blood
Give an example of the name of a Protozoa, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission
Name of Protozoa: Plasmodium Falciparum
Name of the disease: Malaria
Symptoms: Vomiting, abundant sweating
Mode of transmission: Vector transmission, Female anopheles
Give an example of the name of a Prion, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission
Name of Prion: Prion protein PrPSc
Name of the disease: Kuru
Symptoms: Memory loss, Shivering
Mode of transmission: inherited mutated gene
use of contaminated equipment during surgery
Give an example of the name of a Fungi, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission
Name of Fungi: Microsporum
Name of the disease: Tinea
Symptoms: Scaly dry skin, burning between toes
Mode: Direct contact with the fungus
Give an example of the name of a Macroparasite, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission
Name of Macroparasites: Trematodes
Name of the disease: Liver fluke
Symptoms: Causes inflammatory disease of bile ducts
Mode: eating contaminated fish or drinking water
Describe the microbial testing of water or food samples
Aim: to culture microbes growing on food such as bread and fruit and identify them
Method: Collect a piece of old bread that has developed a furry growth of mould
2. Sterilise an inoculating loop and use it to collect spores from a piece of bread
3. Place the lid on a plate, seal it and invert and label
4. Incubate inoculated plates and a non-inoculated plate (Observe and Compare)
5. Dispose of the microbes on the plates by autoclaving
Results: Typically you will observe different colors and shapes of microbes on inoculated plates
Give similarities and differences between fungal and bacterial colonies
Bacterial colonies are shiny and smooth
Fungi colonies develop mycelium and spore-producing structures are fungi
What were Koch’s Postulates
Specific pathogens cause specific disease
- The microorganism must be present in the tissues of the infected organism and not in a healthy organism
- The microorganism must be able to be cultivated in isolation from the infected organism
- When an uninfected organism is then inoculated with the culture it should develop symptoms of the disease.
- Samples from the second infected organism should be able to be isolated and found to be the same as the microorganism from the first infected and organism.
Germ Theory
Specific microbes cause specific disease and that all micro-organisms come from pre-existing micro-organisms
Pasteur’s experiment states the independent, dependent and variables that should be kept constant
Independent variable - absence/ presence of flask
Dependent variable - microbial growth/ clarity of broth
Constant - the amount of broth, temperature, size of flask
Assess the causes and effects of diseases on agricultural production eg Animal Disease
Anthrax
State the cause and effect
Insect: Bovivola ovis
Effect: Sheep lice costs producers in NSW over 1M per year lot production and treatment costs
Sheep with less produce about 10% less wool
The wool has broken wool and makes the fleece more felted and 10% less valuable
Identify two Aboriginal protocols GIVE THE names OF THE bush medicine
- Davidson and Kakadu plums contain a higher concentration of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- The Indigenous Aboriginal People consumed the plums to boost their body nutrient level which reduced chance of getting scurvy - The soap tree leaves produce a soap solution that have antibacterial properties and thus act as an antiseptic.
The leaves contain saponin acid which has the ability to suppress bacteria growth.
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples used the soap tree leaves as a way to heal cuts on their skin.
What are the modern applications for
- Davidson and Kakadu plums
- Soap Tree leaves
1-The antioxidant properties of Kakadu plums allow them to be used in skin treatment products in restoring skin elasticity and skin membrane.
incorporated in contemporary natural medicines used to help boost vitamin C levels.
2. The bark of the tree is crushed and boiled where the ash produced is turned into a paste that is used as a liniment to relieve muscle or body pains, these can be found in modern chinese and western medicines.
What was the aboriginal protocol for yellow orche (hydrated iron hydroxide)
- It was used to treat stomach upsets
- Yellow orche is basic hence can neutralise excess HCl in the stomach
Modern Application of yellow orche
Yellow ochre is used to manufacture rampipril to treat high blood pressure and used as a medicine to improve survival rate of after a heart attack.
Investigate how recognition and protection of Indigenous cultural and intellectual property is important
GIVE DETAILS ON CASE STUDY:SMOKEBUSH
Smokebush is a plant native to western Australia
- Has been traditionally used as medicine
- In 1900s America was granted access to some plant samples to screen them for the presence of cancer fighting molecules
- None was found
- Tested again during the AIDS epidemic and found it contained the conocurovone molecule which could fight aids in low concentrations
- USA filed a patent giving them exclusive rights but none to the Aboriginals (AMRAD awarded to develop the patent )
- Exploited for financial gain
what does the unacknowledged Aboriginal cultural and intellectual property reflect in the patent law system
- It is flawed because they did not receive compensation or acknowledgement
- Represents a threat to aboriginal cultural practices
- Patenting of traditional medicinal plants may prevent them from continuing to freely use their own cultural knowledge
- Customary laws and community values should be respected
What is an example of a case study where Aboriginal cultural and intellectual properties were respected
mudjala plant
How were the Aboriginals acknowledged in the mudjala plant
The myardoo mudjala plant has been known to the Mangala community as possessing healing powers of pain and relief
-Elders of the community collaborated with Griffith Uni to extract the active compounds that gave it its medicinal properties
The two are joint patent holders
-Aboriginals are part of the harvesting and monitoring trials === benefit from large scale commercialisation
Outline two examples of current strategies used to predict and control the spread of disease
Satellite imaging - used to trace vector activity such as the distribution of the Anopheles species that drives malaria transmission in Africa
Global Surveillance- for emerging infectious diseases aims to rapidly detect changes in the incidence rates of endemic diseases
Evaluate the effectiveness of technological developments in the prediction or control of diseases
Web-based surveillance tools and epidemic intelligence methods used by health institutions help with risk assessment and timely outbreak detection
eg Mobile phone data is increasing being used to track mobility of individuals to study the transmission dynamics and routes of importation of infectious disease from region to region
