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2007psy > module 7 > Flashcards

module 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

How is sleep defined?

A

A: Sleep is a behaviour marked by a reversible change in consciousness, studied using EEG, EMG, EOG, heart rate, respiration, and skin conductance.

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2
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

A: EEG measures summed electrical activity or “brain waves” in the brain.

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3
Q

What are the 5 sleep stages and their EEG waveforms?

A

A:

Waking – Alpha (8–12 Hz) & Beta (13–30 Hz)

Stage 1 (NREM) – Theta (3.5–7.5 Hz), hypnic jerks

Stage 2 (NREM) – Theta, sleep spindles, K complexes

Stage 3 (NREM/SWS) – Delta (<3.5 Hz), deepest sleep

REM – Theta & Beta, desynchronized, vivid dreams

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4
Q

Which EEG waves show synchronised activity?

A

A: Large, clear waves (e.g., Delta in Stage 3) show synchronised firing.

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5
Q

Which EEG waves show desynchronized activity?

A

A: Small, irregular waves (e.g., Beta in REM) show desynchronized firing.

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6
Q

Compare EEG and muscle tone in REM vs. SWS.

A

A:

REM: Desynchronized EEG, no muscle tone, rapid eye movement

SWS: Synchronized EEG (Delta), moderate muscle tone, no eye movement

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7
Q

What is lucid dreaming?

A

A: Awareness of dreaming, linked to prefrontal cortex activity during REM.

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8
Q

What brain regions are active during REM?

A

A: Extrastriate visual cortex ↑, striate (V1) and PFC ↓.

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9
Q

What happens during SWS in terms of blood flow?

A

A: General decrease in cerebral blood flow; localized increases in visual/auditory areas.

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10
Q

What are the key functions of sleep?

A

A: Cognitive restoration, memory consolidation, brain development, and regulation of bodily systems.

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11
Q

What are the two types of long-term memory?

A

A:

Declarative: Facts/events (explicit)

Nondeclarative: Skills/tasks (implicit)

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12
Q

what stage of sleep consolidates declarative memory?

A

A: SWS (e.g., Tucker et al., 2006 – word list improved after SWS nap)

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13
Q

What stage of sleep consolidates nondeclarative memory?

A

A: REM (e.g., Mednick et al., 2003 – visual task improved only after nap with SWS + REM)

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14
Q

What did Peigneux et al. (2014) find about brain rehearsal?

A

A: Hippocampal areas activated during learning were reactivated during SWS (not REM).

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15
Q

What did Wamsley et al. (2010) find about task-related thoughts during sleep?

A

A: Participants who had task-related thoughts upon waking from SWS performed better.

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16
Q

What role does adenosine play in sleep regulation?

A

A: Adenosine accumulates in the brain during wakefulness due to glycogen breakdown and promotes sleep by inhibiting neural activity, particularly in the preoptic area.

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17
Q

How is adenosine related to glycogen use in the brain?

A

Brain activity depletes astrocytic glycogen, raising adenosine levels and promoting sleep.

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18
Q

What does caffeine do to adenosine receptors?

A

A: Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors without activating them, preventing adenosine from inhibiting neural activity and thus promoting alertness.

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19
Q

Why does long-term caffeine use reduce its effectiveness?

A

A: The brain creates more adenosine receptors to compensate for blockage, requiring more caffeine for the same effect and causing withdrawal symptoms if stopped.

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20
Q

What is acetylcholine’s (ACh) role in arousal?

A

A: ACh promotes cortical desynchrony and arousal; levels are high during wakefulness and REM sleep but low during SWS.

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21
Q

How does norepinephrine (NE) influence arousal?

A

A: NE from the locus coeruleus is high during wakefulness, low in SWS, and absent in REM sleep. It supports vigilance.

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22
Q

Describe serotonin’s (5-HT) function in sleep-wake regulation.

A

A: 5-HT is active during wakefulness, decreases during SWS, and is almost absent in REM. It promotes arousal and movement.

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23
Q

Where are histamine neurons located, and what do they do?

A

A: In the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN); they stimulate the cortex and ACh neurons, promoting wakefulness.

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24
Q

What is orexin, and why is it important?

A

A: Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter from the lateral hypothalamus that excites arousal systems. Damage to these neurons causes narcolepsy.

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25
What brain area contains sleep neurons important for sleep-wake transitions?
A: The ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) of the hypothalamus.
26
How do vlPOA sleep neurons promote sleep?
A: They release GABA to inhibit arousal neurons (e.g., NE, 5-HT, histamine).
27
What is the sleep-wake flip-flop circuit?
A: A mutual inhibition circuit where either sleep neurons (vlPOA) or arousal neurons are active, but not both.
28
What stabilizes the sleep-wake flip-flop circuit?
A: Orexinergic neurons stabilize the system by exciting arousal neurons and promoting wakefulness.
29
How does narcolepsy affect the sleep-wake flip-flop?
A: Damage to orexin neurons causes instability in the flip-flop, resulting in sudden sleep episodes and difficulty staying awake.
30
What are the REM-ON and REM-OFF areas?
A: REM-ON: Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD) in pons. REM-OFF: Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vIPAG) in midbrain.
31
How do REM-ON and REM-OFF regions interact?
A: They inhibit each other via GABAergic neurons, forming a REM flip-flop circuit.
32
How do REM-ON and REM-OFF regions interact?
A: They inhibit each other via GABAergic neurons, forming a REM flip-flop circuit.
33
What triggers the switch to REM sleep?
Reduced orexin, norepinephrine, and serotonin activity disinhibits REM-ON neurons, triggering REM sleep.
34
How is the REM flip-flop related to narcolepsy?
A: Without orexin, the REM flip-flop becomes unstable, contributing to REM intrusions into wakefulness (e.g., cataplexy).
35
What is insomnia?
A: Insomnia is a sleep disorder involving difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or waking too early, often leading to tiredness and poor daytime functioning.
36
What are the main types of insomnia symptoms?
A: Difficulty falling asleep, waking during the night, waking too early, and feeling unrested.
37
What are common causes of insomnia?
A: Stress, poor sleep habits, mental health issues, medical conditions, or environmental disruptions.
38
How is insomnia treated?
A: Through lifestyle changes, good sleep hygiene, CBT-I, and possibly medication.
39
What is narcolepsy?
A: A neurological disorder where sleep components intrude at inappropriate times, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness.
40
What are key symptoms of narcolepsy?
A: Sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations.
41
What is a sleep attack?
A: A sudden, overwhelming urge to sleep, usually lasting 2–5 minutes.
42
What is cataplexy?
A: Sudden muscle weakness from strong emotions, due to REM paralysis intruding into wakefulness.
43
What is sleep paralysis?
A: Inability to move right before falling asleep or upon waking; may include vivid dream-like hallucinations.
44
What causes narcolepsy?
A: Loss of orexin neurons due to a hereditary autoimmune condition, influenced by unknown environmental factors.
45
How is narcolepsy treated?
A: With stimulants for sleep attacks and antidepressants for cataplexy and sleep paralysis.
46
What is REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD)?
A: A disorder where individuals physically act out dreams due to failure of muscle paralysis during REM sleep.
47
What causes REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder?
A: Possibly genetic; treated with benzodiazepines to enhance inhibitory GABA activity.
48
What behaviours are associated with slow wave sleep (SWS)?
A: Bedwetting, sleepwalking, and night terrors—most common in children.
49
Is sleepwalking acting out a dream?
A: No. Sleepwalking occurs during slow wave sleep, not REM.
50
What is sleep-related eating disorder?
A: A condition where a person eats during sleepwalking episodes with no memory of it; treatable with dopaminergic agonists.
51
What are circadian rhythms?
A: Daily (~24-hour) cycles in behaviour or physiological processes, such as the sleep-wake cycle.
52
What is a zeitgeber?
A: An external cue, like light, that resets or synchronises the internal biological clock.
53
What happens to animals in constant dim light?
A: They follow a free-running rhythm of ~25 hours, not the 24-hour day-night cycle.
54
What effect does bright light have on an animal's internal clock?
A: Bright light can reset or shift the internal clock depending on when it's presented.
55
What man-made zeitgebers can help humans adapt?
A: Clocks and scheduled routines can help align internal rhythms with the 24-hour day.
56
What is the SCN and where is it located?
A: The SCN is a biological clock in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythms.
57
What happens if the SCN is damaged?
A: Sleep still occurs, but it becomes random and not tied to a regular schedule.
58
How does the SCN receive light information?
A: Via special retinal ganglion cells containing melanopsin through the retinohypothalamic pathway.
59
What brain areas does the SCN influence to regulate sleep and wake?
A: The SCN sends signals to the SPZ, which then influences the DMH to either inhibit sleep (vlPOA) or promote wakefulness (via orexin neurons).
60
How does the SCN keep time internally?
A: Through a feedback loop involving the production and degradation of specific proteins.
61
What is melatonin and where is it produced?
A: A hormone produced by the pineal gland that helps regulate circadian and seasonal rhythms.
62
When is melatonin secreted?
A: At night; its production is inhibited by light via signals from the SCN.
63
How does melatonin affect the brain?
A: It influences the SCN and other brain areas to regulate sleep and seasonal behaviours.
64
How does day length affect melatonin levels?
A: Longer nights (winter) increase melatonin; shorter nights (summer) reduce it.
65
Can melatonin supplements aid sleep? .
A: They are often used, but their precise relationship with sleep is still not fully understood
66
How does shift work affect circadian rhythms?
A: It desynchronizes internal rhythms from the external environment, causing sleep and mood problems.
67
What are common effects of circadian disruption from shift work?
A: Insomnia, fatigue, mood changes, reduced performance, and higher accident risk.
68
How does jet lag differ from shift work?
A: Jet lag is temporary and resolves in days; shift work causes ongoing circadian disruption.
69
How can shift workers reduce circadian disruption?
A: Use bright light at appropriate times and melatonin to resynchronize the internal clock.

2007psy (6 decks)

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