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Pathophysiology > Module 7 Neuro > Flashcards

Module 7 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What are local (focal) effects

A

Signs related to specific area of brain or spinal cord in which lesion is located. Ex: paralysis of right arm results from damage to section of left frontal lobe

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2
Q

What loss is experienced when the Left Hemisphere is damaged?

A

Loss of logical and analytical thinking ability and loss of communication skills

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3
Q

What happens when there is damage to the right hemisphere?

A

Impairs appreciation of art and music, causes behavioural problems, spatial orientation and recognition of relationships may be deficient

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4
Q

What may levels of reduced conciousness lead to?

A

Confusion/disorientation, memory loss, unresponsiveness to verbal stimuli, loss of consciousness or coma

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5
Q

What happens during a vegetative state?

A 
Loss of awareness and mental capabilities 
Result of diffuse brain damage
Brain stem function continues
Appearance of sleep wake cycle 
Unresponsive to external stimuli
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6
Q

What is Locked In syndrome?

A

Aware and capable of thinking but paralyzed and cannot communicate

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7
Q

What is the criteria for brain death?

A

Cessation of brain function (flat EEG)
Absence of brain stem reflexes
Absence of spontaneous respirstions
Certainty of irreversible brain damage by confirmation of cause of the dysfunction
Evaluation twice by difference physicians

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8
Q

What is Aphasia/Dysphasia

A

Inability to comprehend or Express language

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9
Q

What is Dysarthria

A

Motor dysfunction affecting muscles used in speech

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10
Q

What is Non- Fluent aphasia

A

Expressive
Slow and labored with short phrasee
Associated with damage to Broca area

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11
Q

What is Fluent Aphasia

A

Receptive
Pace of speech relatively normal
Includes made up words
Associated with damage to Wernicke area

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12
Q

What is a Seizure?

A

Spontaneous, excessive discharge of neurons causes by inflammation, infection, brain bleed and drug abuse

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13
Q

What test indicates the type of seizure ?

A

EEG Electroencephalogram

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14
Q

What can trigger a seizure ?

A

Seizures are idiopathic but triggers include physical stimuli such as lights & noise, and Biochemical stimuli such as stress, excessive premenstrual fluid retention, hypoglycemia, change in medication, hyperventilation

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15
Q

Describe the Seizure pattern

A 
Prodromal signs hours before seizure 
An aura precedes the loss of consciousness
Loss of consciousness 
Strong tonic muscle contractions
A cry
The clonic stage follows
Contractions gradually subside
Postictal period-confusion, fatigue, aching muscles and sleep
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16
Q

What are the treatments for seizures ?

A

Anticonvulsant medications combined with sedatives, Surgery to remove area where seizure begins, implanted devices to deliver electrical stimulation and dietary therapy such as ketogenic

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17
Q

What happens during increased intracranial pressure ?

A

Increase in fluid or mass
Ischemia and eventual infarction of brain tissue
Causes: hemorrhage, trauma, edema, infection, tumors

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18
Q

What are signs of Increased Intercranial Pressure?

A

Decreasing level of consciousness
Headache & Vomitting
Increased BP & Pulse
Change in vision and pupil

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19
Q

What does increased intracranial pressure lead to?

A

Systemic vasoconstriction

Increase of systemic blood pressure to provide more blood to brain to relieve ischemia

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20
Q

What are diagnostic tests used to diagnose Intracranial Pressure

A 
CT & MRI
cerebral angiography 
Doppler ultrasound
EEG
Radionuclide to track perfusion in CNS
Lumbar Punturr to check pressure and analyze CSF
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21
Q

What happens during a Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Temporary localized reduction of blood flow

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22
Q

What is the pathophysiology of a TIA

A

Partial occlusion if a cerebral artery
Atherosclerosis
Small Embolus

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23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a TIA

A

Intermittent short episodes of impaired function such as arm/leg weakness, visual disturbance, numbness in face, transient aphasia, transient conduction
Repeated attacks a warning sign of obstruction

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24
Q

What does CVA stand for?

A

Cerebrovascular Accident

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25
What happens during a stroke (CVA)
Infection of brain tissue from lack of blood Occlusion or rupture cerebral blood vessel 5 mins of ischemia causes irreversible damage Necrosis develops Function is lost Surrounded by an area of inflammation
26
What are 3 types of CVAs
Occlusion of artery by atheroma Sudden obstruction by embolus Intracerebral hemorrhage
27
What are risk factors of CVA
Diabetes, hypertension, lupus, atherosclerosis, history of TIAs, increasing age, sleep apnea, heart disease, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, saturated fat diet Combo of oral contraceptives and smoking Congenital malformation of blood vessels
28
How are CVAs treated
``` Clot busting agents Glucocorticoids OT, PT, SLP Treatment of underlying problem Rehabilitation begins immediately ```
29
What are characteristics of a severe brain injury
Destruction of brain tissue Massive swelling of the brain Life threatening
30
What is a concussion
Minimal brain trauma Mild blow to head or whiplash Amnesia and headaches may follow Recovery usually within 24 hr without permanent damage
31
What is a contusion
Bruising with rupture of small blood vessels and edema | Possible residual damage
32
What is a closed head injury
Skull not fractured Brain tissue injured and blood vessels may be ruptured Extensive damage may occur when head is rotated
33
What is an open head injury
Involves fractures or penetration
34
What is a depressed skull fracture
Involve displacement of bone below the skull Compression of brain tissue Impaired blood supply
35
Define cervical spine injuries
Hyperextension or hyperflexion of neck
36
Define dislocation of vertebrae
May crush or compress spinal cord
37
Define compression injury to spinal cord
Injury to spinal cord when force applied to skull or feet
38
Define Quadriplegia/ Tetraplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
39
Define Paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower part of the trunk and legs
40
What is Autonomic Dysreflexia
Massive sympathetic reflex response that cannot be controlled from the brain caused by infection, bladder/bowel distension and can lead to increase in BP, vasoconstriction below injury, vasodilation above injury and tachycardia
41
Whag are some complications of a spinal cord injury?
UTI, Pneuminia, Skin breakdown, Spasm and Pain and Depression
42
What are treatments for a spinal cord injury?
``` Immobilize spine Maintain breathing Traction or surgery Glucocorticoids Stabilize vascular system Ongoing care to prevent complications related to immobility ```
43
What is Multiple Sclerosis
Progressive demyelination of neurons Loss of myelin interferes with conduction of impulses in affected fibers Affects motor, sensory and autonomic fibers
44
What are signs and symptoms of MS
``` Blurred vision Weakness in legs Diplopia Dysarthria Paresthesia Progressive weakness extending to upper limbs Loss of bladder & bowel control Chronic fatigue ```
45
What is treatment for MS
No definitive treatment approved Corticosteroids to treat nerve inflammation PT & OT
46
What is Parkinsons Disease
Progressive Degenerstive Disorder | Excess stimulation of motor system affecting movement and posture
47
What are signs and symptoms of Parkinson's
``` Fatigue Muscle weakness Muscle aching Decreased flexibility Less spontaneous changes in facial expression Tremors ```
48
What are later signs and symptoms of parkinsons
``` Tremors affect hands feet face tongue and lips Increased muscle rigidity Difficulty initiating movement Slow movement Stooped leaning forward Propulsive gait ```
49
What are treatments for Parkinsons
Dopamine replacement therapy SLP,OT & PT to improve speech balance and coordination Monitoring and treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections
50
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
``` Lou Gehrig disease No identified cause Affects motor neurons in cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord No indication of inflammation Cognition unimpaired Death occurs due to respiratory failure ```
51
What is treatment for ALS
``` No treatment to slow degeneration Medication to slow damage Respiratory therapy SLP, OT & PT Psychological support ```
52
What is Dementia
Progressive chronic disease impairing brain function such as Alzheimers
53
What are signs and symptoms of Alzheimers
``` Extends over 10 to 20 years Behavioral changes Decline of cognitive function Changes in food intake Inability to recognize family Incontincence ```
54
What is Vasculat Dementia
``` Cause by Cerebrovascular Disease Results from multiple small infractions Common in persons over 70 yrs Onset Insidious Memory Loss, apathy, inability to manage daily routines ```
55
What is AIDS Dementia
Common in later stages of AIDS Virus invades brain tissue Gradual memory loss Impaired motor function
56
What are X-rays used for
To look at heart issues such as bone they can identify fractures of the skull or spine
57
What are CT scans used for
Use as many pictures to compile an image that can be viewed from multiple perspectives can be used to evaluate soft tissue. If used with IV contrast can identify damaged blood vessels. Used to diagnose tumors inflammation edema hematomas and infarctions.
58
Whag are MRIs used fo
Creates images of intracranial structures without radiation. Can be used to evaluate smaller defects such as multiple sclerosis lesions smaller tumors and blood vessels
59
What is a cerebral angiography
Uses computer-based images taken after injection of contrast medium to assess abnormalities in cerebral carotid and vertebral blood vessels. Can identify a Christians and aneurysms angioplasty can sometimes be done
60
What is am EEG
Monitors electrical activity in the brain used to detect seizure activity or brain wave activity if someone is in a coma
61
What is a lumbar puncture
A sample of cerebrospinal fluid is taken through a puncture in the lumbar area of the spine the CSF is an analyzed for abnormalities. Useful in diagnosing infections bleeds and some central nervous system disorders
62
What is Atelectasis
Nonaeration or collapse of a lung or part of a lung leading to decreased gas exchange and hypoxia
63
What is Pulmonary Edema
Fluid collection in a alveoli and interstitial area Reduces amount of O2 diffusing into the blood and interferes with lung expansion Can result from left sided CHF

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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