Module 8

Question 1

Intervention mapping: ten tasks; TASK 6,8,9

Answer 1

6. Pilot or pretest, intervention prototypes to discover whether they are acceptable, feasible and affordable
7. Refine and develop the intervention with those who will implement and experience it to optimize fidelity of implementation and effectiveness.
8. Implement the intervention and identify and minimize embedding problems.

Question 2

TASK 6- What is it, which studies are included, what is the primary outcome

Answer 2

• An intervention must be attractive, affordable, and contextually appropriate to be effective; otherwise, it won’t be adopted or implemented properly.

-Pilot or feasibility studies help address uncertainties before launching a full-scale intervention.

The point is to ask if something can be done

Primary outcome–identify barriers to implementation

Question 3

what is a feasibility study?

Answer 3

assess acceptability, feasibility and affordability of an intervention

-recruitment practicality
-Study procedures
-resource available
-participant commitment
-data collection
-ethical and institutional barriers
-intervention timing and delivery

Question 4

What is a pilot study?

Answer 4

Tests preliminary impacts of outcomes
-like feasibility study but done in a small scale intervention

-initial effectiveness
-participant experience
-retention and compliance
-measurement validity
unexpected outcomes
-comparison to control group

Question 5

What is external pilot

Answer 5

A rehearsal of the mains study where the outcome data are not included as part of the main trial outcome data set.

Question 6

What is internal Pilot

Answer 6

When the pilot phase forms the first part of the trial and the outcome data generated may contribute to the final analysis

Question 7

what tool is used to refine an intervention

Answer 7

RE-AIM

Question 8

what is step 7

Answer 8

Refine and develop the intervention with those who will implement and experience it to optimize fidelity of implementation and effectiveness.

Question 9

RE-AIM: R

Answer 9

Reach
The absolute number, proportion, and representativeness of individuals who are willing to participate in a given initiative, intervention, or program.

Question 10

RE-AIM: E

Answer 10

Efficacy: The impact of an intervention on important individual outcomes.

Question 11

RE-AIM: A

Answer 11

Adoption: The absolute number, proportion, and representativeness of settings and intervention agents (people who deliver the program) who are willing to initiate a program.

Question 12

RE-AIM: I

Answer 12

Implementation: The intervention agents’ fidelity (i.e., the degree of exactness with which something is reproduced) to an intervention’s key functions or components.

Question 13

RE-AIM: M

Answer 13

• Maintenance: The extent to which a program or policy becomes institutionalized or part of the routine organizational practices and policies.

Question 14

what is step 8

Answer 14

8. Implement the intervention and identify and minimize embedding problems.
   Go time!!
   Once you’re in this stage it is not the time to make any changes, as this would greatly harm the intervention fidelity.

Question 15

which are the two steps of the program evaluation

Answer 15

9.Evaluate efficacy by investigating whether the intervention shows evidence of changing targeted antecedents and behaviours.

10. Evaluate effectiveness by testing the intervention in new contexts and scaling up to target new groups or populations

Question 16

what is the difference between efficacy and effectiveness:

Answer 16

Efficacy: the performance of an intervention under ideal and controlled circumstances
-resource intensive
-highly selected and homogenous pop

Effectiveness: The performance of an intervention under ‘real world’ conditions
-real world everyday clinical setting
-heterogenous pop

Question 17

What are the different designs of implimentation

Answer 17

Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Nonexperimental

Question 18

what is experimental design, what are the different methods

Answer 18

characterized by the random allocation of participants to different conditions
-Control of all variables with the exception of the one being tested; and the ability of the design to be replicated

-individually randomized controlled trials

-cluster randomized trial

Question 19

Individually randomized controlled trials

Answer 19

• A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or control group as a means to compare one or more treatments/programs

Question 20

Individually randomized controlled trials: pros and cons

Answer 20

-Pros: the gold standard test of intervention efficacy, minimizes bias, and standardized the intervention

-Cons:costly in terms of time and money, does not always reflect real life

Question 21

Cluster Randomized Trials

Answer 21

Participants are randomized as groups rather than individuals

Question 22

Cluster Randomized Trials: pros and cons

Answer 22

-Pros: reduces risk of intervention contamination and minimizes bias in estimates of effect size

-Cons: higher risk of selection bias and confounding factors
Ie. failure to ensure that an experimental group is representative of the target pop

Question 23

what method is the gold standard to test intervention

Answer 23

Individually randomized controlled trials

Question 24

what is Quasi-Experimental methods + different types

Answer 24

Similar to an experimental design, but lacks randomization

-Interrupted Time Series Design

-Natural experiments

Question 25

Interrupted Time Series Design

Answer 25

Examines effects of an intervention by analyzing trends in repeated measurements before and after the intervention is introduced, allowing researchers to assess whether changes in the outcome variable are due to the intervention rather than natural fluctuations over time.

Question 26

Interrupted Time Series Design pros and cons

Answer 26

Pros: useful for small sample size pop Cons: Difficulty controlling pre-existing trends, potential for confounding factors

Question 27

Natural experiments

Answer 27

Evaluate interventions that are not developed by researcher, where a population is split into exposed and unexposed groups because a natural occurrence -Policy change, geographical differences, environmental events, socioeconomic status, health crisis

Question 28

Natural experiments: pros and cons

Answer 28

Pros: allows researchers to examine cause-and-effect relationships when an RTC would not be feasible or ethical Cons: Potential for confounding factors

Question 29

what is Nonexperimental methods+ different types

Answer 29

Studies where an experimenter simply either describes a group or examines relationships between preexisting groups. Qualitative Methods

Question 30

Qualitative Methods

Answer 30

Non-numerical data (interviews, focus-group observations)that explore experiences, perceptions, and meanings in depth, often used to understand complex social and psychological phenomena -Qualitative methods often used alongside quantitative methods in experimental and quasi-experimental design (mixed methods)

Question 31

Qualitative Methods: pros and cons

Answer 31

Pros: rich depth of understanding, explored unexpected or nuanced effects, gives a voice to participants Cons: Resource intensive, limited generalizability, subject to researcher bias, difficult to compare and quantify

Question 32

why do we evaluate (4)

Answer 32

1.Have a good theoretical understanding of the interventions, as articulated in your program logic model. 2.Choose suitable outcome 3.Identify measures that match your outcomes of interest and are appropriate for your study design 4.Implement these measures before and after (and sometimes during depending on study design) the provision of the intervention

Question 33

true or false: if after an intervention has been proven to be efficacious and effective, it doesn't necessarily mean it will be used in the rea world

Answer 33

true

Question 34

what is the Knowledge-to-Action Gap

Answer 34

The gap between the evidence that is produced by researchers and the evidence being used in practice.

Question 35

Knowledge-to-Action Framework: (what is it intended for?)

Answer 35

A conceptual framework intended to help those concerned with knowledge translation deliver sustainable, evidence-based interventions

Question 36

what are the two interconnected components of the KTA framework

Answer 36

1.knowlegde creation funnel (filter) 2. The action cycle (change)

Question 37

what is the knowledge creation funnel, goal +stages

Answer 37

Goal: Improve usability, credibility, and applicability of evidence. Depicted as a funnel to represent the distillation of raw research into refined, synthesized tools. -Knowledge Inquiry (primary studies) -Knowledge Synthesis (systematic reviews) -Knowledge Tools/Products (guidelines, protocols, toolkits)

Question 38

what is the action cycle and the different components

Answer 38

Represents the iterative, context-sensitive application of knowledge. Not linear – components may occur concurrently or non-sequentially. -Identify problem/know–do gap START -Adapt knowledge to context -Assess barriers and facilitators -Select and tailor implementation strategies -Monitor knowledge use -Evaluate outcomes (behavioral/system-level) -Sustain knowledge use (institutionalization) IAASMES I am a start making every step

Question 39

what are the four components of the two eyed seeing cycle

Answer 39

how does knowledge come to us how knowledge is stored How knowledge is translated and shared how knowledge is used

Question 40

What is knowledge translation

Answer 40

* Knowledge Translation (KT): The process of turning knowledge into action and encompasses the processes of both knowledge creation and knowledge application.

Question 41

Knowledge Users: Who and Why They Matter

Answer 41

Knowledge Users: Individuals who are likely to be able to use the knowledge gained through research. Practitioners, decision-makers, community leaders, patients, educators, media. Must be identified early to ensure relevance, usability, and ethical responsibility.

Question 42

Core Elements of Knowledge Translation (4)

Answer 42

-Synthesis – Integration of findings from multiple studies (e.g., systematic/umbrella reviews). -Dissemination – Targeted sharing of tailored findings using appropriate language, format, and channel. (tool creation_ How are you sharing what you're learning -Exchange – Engaging between researchers and knowledge users (e.g., repositories) Mutual learning -Ethically Sound Application – putting knowledge into practice Conscious, culturally responsive, and just implementation.

Question 43

End-of-Project KT

Answer 43

Presented after a project has been completed– Examples: Published journal articles, conference presentations often unidirectional

Question 44

Integrated KT

Answer 44

less common but more impactful -KT embedded throughout the research process. -Stakeholders are co-creators, not passive recipients. -Involves co-design, feasibility discussions, and shared decision-making. -More resource-intensive but improves contextual fit and sustainability.

Question 45

Successful KT involves: Key Considerations

Answer 45

-Getting knowledge users involved early -Thinking about all potential stakeholders -Customizing the message -Helping knowledge users overcome usage barriers