Module 8 - Body Habitus & Abdomen Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What does body habitus refer to?
A
The general form of the body that determines the size, shape, and position of internal organs.
3
Q
How many basic types of body habitus are there?
A
Four.
4
Q
What is the most common body habitus type?
A
Sthenic.
5
Q
What percentage of the population is sthenic?
A
50%.
6
Q
What is the least common body habitus type?
A
Hypersthenic.
7
Q
What percentage of the population is hypersthenic?
A
5%.
8
Q
Which body habitus represents 35% of the population?
A
Hyposthenic.
9
Q
Which body habitus type is associated with long, slender body forms?
A
Asthenic.
10
Q
What percentage of the population is asthenic?
A
10%.
11
Q
What percentage of the population is sthenic?
A
50%.
12
Q
How is a sthenic body type described?
A
Athletic build with broad shoulders and a flat abdomen.
13
Q
How are the lungs shaped in sthenic individuals?
A
Slightly longer than they are wide.
14
Q
Where are abdominal organs located in sthenic individuals?
A
In expected, average positions.
15
Q
What percentage of the population is hypersthenic?
A
5%.
16
Q
How is the hypersthenic body type described?
A
Short, stocky build with a higher tendency for obesity.
17
Q
What is the shape and position of the stomach in hypersthenic individuals?
A
Short, horizontal, “steer horn” shaped, sitting just below the diaphragm.
18
Q
Where is the gallbladder located in hypersthenic individuals?
A
High, horizontal, and far from midline in the upper right quadrant.
19
Q
Where does the colon typically lie in hypersthenic individuals?
A
Around the periphery of the abdominal cavity.
20
Q
What percentage of the population is hyposthenic?
A
35%.
21
Q
How is the hyposthenic body type described?
A
Tall, thin with poorly developed muscles; a variation of sthenic.
22
Q
What percentage of the population is asthenic?
A
10%.
23
Q
How is the asthenic body type described?
A
Extremely slender with a long, narrow thorax and a wide pelvis.
24
Q
What are the lungs like in asthenic individuals?
A
Long, narrow, with apices extending above the clavicles.
25
What shape does the stomach form in asthenic individuals?
“J” or fishhook shape, positioned low and near midline.
26
Where is the gallbladder located in asthenic individuals?
Low, vertical, and near the midline.
27
What is the peritoneum?
A serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and envelops abdominal organs.
28
What are the functions of the peritoneum?
Protects and supports organs; acts as a conduit for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics.
29
What does the parietal peritoneum line?
The walls of the abdominal cavity.
30
What does the visceral peritoneum cover?
The abdominal viscera (organs).
31
What is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum called?
The peritoneal cavity.
32
What substance is found in the peritoneal cavity?
Serous fluid.
33
What is the function of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity?
Lubricates the layers to reduce friction between organs.
34
What are organs suspended within the peritoneal cavity called?
Intraperitoneal organs.
35
What are organs located outside of the peritoneal cavity called?
Retroperitoneal organs.
36
What are the four major peritoneal folds?
Greater omentum, lesser omentum, mesentery, and mesocolon (transverse & sigmoid).
37
What does the greater omentum connect?
The greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon.
38
How does the greater omentum appear in the abdomen?
Like a fat-filled apron over the intestines.
39
What does the lesser omentum connect?
The lesser curvature of the stomach to the inferior surface of the liver.
40
What is the mesentery?
A large sheet of peritoneum that connects the loops of small bowel to the posterior abdominal wall.
41
What does the transverse mesocolon attach?
The transverse colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
42
What does the sigmoid mesocolon attach?
The sigmoid colon to the posterior abdominal wall.
43
What does 'retroperitoneal' mean?
Located behind or outside the peritoneal cavity and not fully supported by the peritoneum.
44
Which part of the duodenum is retroperitoneal?
The middle portions.
45
Which parts of the pancreas are retroperitoneal?
The head and body.
46
Which sections of the colon are retroperitoneal?
Ascending and descending colon.
47
Is the rectum considered a retroperitoneal structure?
Yes.
48
Are the kidneys retroperitoneal?
Yes.
49
Are the ureters retroperitoneal?
Yes.
50
Is the urinary bladder retroperitoneal?
Yes.
51
Are the aorta and inferior vena cava retroperitoneal?
Yes.
52
Where are retroperitoneal structures generally located in the body?
At or posterior to the mid-coronal plane.
53
Which two structures have disputed classification as retroperitoneal?
The liver and the fourth part (ascending) of the duodenum.
54
Where is the abdomen located?
Between the thorax and the pelvis.
55
What is the origin of the word 'abdomen'?
From Latin 'abdodere', meaning 'to hide.'
56
What are the two main divisions of the abdomen?
The abdominal cavity and the true pelvis.
57
Where is the abdominal cavity located?
Inferior to the diaphragm and superior to the pelvic inlet.
58
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Major abdominal organs and the false pelvis.
59
Is the false pelvis part of the abdominal cavity or the true pelvis?
Abdominal cavity (lower portion).
60
Where is the true pelvis located?
Within the bony pelvis, below the pelvic inlet and above the pelvic outlet.
61
What structures are contained in the true pelvis?
Reproductive organs, distal GI tract, urinary, and vascular structures.
62
How many quadrants is the abdomen divided into for clinical use?
Four.
63
At what vertebral level do the horizontal and vertical lines intersect to form the abdominal quadrants?
Approximately L3/L4 (level of the umbilicus).
64
Which lobe of the liver is found in the RUQ?
Right lobe of the liver.
65
Which organ stores bile and is located in the RUQ?
Gallbladder.
66
Which kidney is found in the RUQ?
Right kidney.
67
What part of the colon is located in the RUQ?
Hepatic flexure and right half of the transverse colon.
68
Which part of the duodenum is in the RUQ?
The distal duodenum.
69
What initial part of the large intestine is found in the RLQ?
Cecum.
70
Which organ, often associated with appendicitis, is found in the RLQ?
Appendix.
71
What portion of the small intestine is in the RLQ?
Ileum.
72
What part of the colon is found in the RLQ?
Ascending colon.
73
Which organ for digestion is found in the LUQ?
Stomach.
74
Which immune-related organ is found in the LUQ?
Spleen.
75
Which glandular organ extends into the LUQ?
Pancreas.
76
Which kidney is found in the LUQ?
Left kidney.
77
Which parts of the colon are found in the LUQ?
Splenic flexure and left half of the transverse colon.
78
Which segments of the small intestine are found in the LUQ?
Duodenum and jejunum.
79
What terminal part of the colon is found in the LLQ?
Sigmoid colon.
80
What segment of the colon runs through the LLQ?
Descending colon.
81
Which part of the small intestine is also located in the LLQ?
Ileum.
82
How many boundaries does the abdomen have?
Four — anterior, posterior, lateral, and superior.
83
What forms the anterior abdominal wall?
Muscles.
84
What forms the posterior abdominal wall?
Lumbar spine, psoas muscle, and quadratus lumborum muscle.
85
What forms the lateral abdominal walls?
Abdominal muscles (upper) and iliac bones (lower).
86
What forms the superior abdominal wall?
The diaphragm.
87
What are the hemi-diaphragms also referred to as?
Domes.
88
Are the hemi-diaphragms typically on the same horizontal plane?
No.
89
Which hemi-diaphragm is usually higher?
The right hemi-diaphragm.
90
What causes the right hemi-diaphragm to be higher than the left?
The bulk of the liver pushes it superiorly.
91
What is the flank stripe composed of?
Extraperitoneal fat.
92
Where is the flank stripe located anatomically?
Between the abdominal wall muscles and parietal peritoneum.
93
On a radiograph, how does the flank stripe appear?
As a black stripe from the lower costal margin to the iliac crests.
94
What is the flank stripe used to assess in abdominal imaging?
Image quality and possible pathology.
95
What might a thickened flank stripe indicate?
Accumulation of blood in the abdominal wall.
96
What might an altered shape of the flank stripe suggest?
Tumour spread involving the abdominal wall or organs.
97
What might uneven brightness in the flank stripe suggest?
Accumulation of fluid (e.g., peritonitis).
98
What might altered architecture of the flank stripe suggest?
New structures like fistulas or abscesses.
99
What muscle creates the psoas shadow?
The psoas major.
100
Where is the psoas shadow located on a radiograph?
Along the lateral borders of the spine, extending obliquely downward and fading at the hip.
101
Why is the psoas shadow often not seen below the iliac crests?
Due to superimposition of the pelvic bones.
102
What does proper visibility of the psoas shadow indicate?
Correct exposure factors and no obstructing pathology.
103
What could absence or distortion of the psoas shadow indicate?
Hemorrhage, tumour, inflammation, or aneurysm.
104
What might an enlarged or calcified aorta affect in radiographic appearance?
It may obscure the psoas shadow.
105
What clinical conditions might cause the psoas shadow to become invisible?
Inflammation, tumour, or abdominal aortic aneurysm.
106
Are abdominal organs fixed or mobile structures?
Mobile.
107
What are four factors that affect abdominal organ location?
Respiration, patient position, organ fullness, and age.
108
How much can abdominal organs move during deep inspiration?
5–7 cm inferiorly.
109
What direction do abdominal organs move during expiration?
Superiorly.
110
How much can abdominal organs move when changing from supine to erect?
Up to 5 cm inferiorly.
111
How do organs like the stomach, bladder, and colon appear when empty?
Collapsed.
112
What happens to hollow organs as they fill with contents?
They stretch and enlarge.
113
In infants, how does the size of the abdomen compare to the pelvis?
The abdomen is wider than the pelvis.
114
How does diaphragm position in infants compare to adults?
It sits more superiorly.
115
How does kidney location in infants compare to adults?
Kidneys are more inferiorly positioned.
