Module 8 - Microbiology Flashcards
Cell membrane
Thin, outermost structure of human cells. Selectively permeable
Cell wall
Outermost layer of the cell that maintains the shape and protects it.
Human cells do not have a cell wall, but bacteria do (gram- vs gram+ changes how we treat the infection)
Nucleus
Round structure that is inside the cell, usually near the center. Largest organelle in the cell and controls the cell’s functions. Contains chromosomes made of DNA
Nuclear membrane
AKA nuclear envelope, surrounds the nucleus and contains pores that allow larger compounds to move in and out
Cytoplasm
The inside of the cell that contains other organelles, such as mitochondria, that perform the functions of the cells.
Components are water, proteins, ions, and nutrients
Ribosome
Contributes to protein synthesis, the building of proteins from their basic components
Endoplasmic reticulum
Provides networks of passageways for moving various substances within the cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Gives the cells energy, cells might have one or more depending on how much energy that particular cell needs
Lysosome
Functions in digestion
Centriole
Cylindrical-shaped organelle that plays a role in cell-division, with each pair in the cell making sure to divide the chromosomes equally to the cells that result from the reproduction process
Golgi apparatus
Synthesizes carbohydrates and sorts the proteins the ribosome is supporting. Also has some storage functions prior to preparing some substances for removal from the cells
Peroxisome
Organelle in the cytoplasm that contains enzymes
Flagellum
Tail-like appendage that allows movement. Sperm cell has one
Cilia
Hair-like projections that help move substances through various tracts and paths in the body. Some mucous membranes have cilia
Definition of Bacteria; overview antibiotics
Single-cell organism that reproduces rapidly and causes many different infections. It does not need living tissue to survive. Many different classifications depending on structure, need for oxygen, etc
Antibiotics can be used to kill bacteria, with certain bacteria needing certain types of antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics causes antibiotic resistant bacteria to develop
Definition of Virus; overview antiviral drugs
Tiny micro-organism that causes many infections and diseases. Requires living tissue to survive, so technically a parasite unlike bacteria. Complex, some attack immediately while others lie dormant. Tend to mutate during replication, making immunity difficult to develop.
Some are difficult or impossible to kill with medications. Antiviral drugs have various degrees of effectives against some viruses
Definition of Fungus
Micro-organism that grows on or in animals and plants, single-cell are yeasts while multi-cell are spore-producing molds. Most do not cause disease. Diseases that do occur are usually superficial infections, unless a weakened immune system
Can be a source of antibiotics
Definition of Protozoa
Single-cell parasite that thrive in damp environments and in bodies of standing water. Replicate rapidly inside a living host
Adenovirus: disease and transmission method
Pharyngitis (sore throat); droplet or direct contact
Epstein-Barr: disease and transmission method
Mononucleosis “Mono”; contact with saliva
Hepatitis A: transmission method
fecal-oral
Hepatitis B: transmission method
bloodborne, sexual
Hepatitis C: transmission method
bloodborne
Herpes Simplex: disease and transmission method
contact with blister fluid, sexual
