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TM129: Networking > Module 8: The internet protocol > Flashcards

Module 8: The internet protocol Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a

network address

and how is it used

A

this is the address of a network

a host uses to determine whether it should use ARP to forward a message directly to a host on the same network or if it should send the message to its default gateway so that the message can be routed to a remote network

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2
Q

this can be either a:

  • Directed broadcast
  • Limited broadcast
A

what are the 2 types of

IPv4 broadcast

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3
Q

these include:

  1. the network address
  2. the broadcast address
A

what are the two IP addresses that are reserved on every IPv4 network

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4
Q

describe the type of customer who might receive a

class C network address

A

This class of address was given to customers that had small networks and could support 254 hosts

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5
Q

how does a

subnet mask

determine the network portion and the host portion of an IP address

A
  • when this has a bit set to 1 then the bit in the same position in the IP address is part of the network portion
  • when this has a bit set to 0 then the bit in the same position in the IP address is part of the host portion
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6
Q

what is

CIDR notation

A

this tells you how many bits are set to 1 in the subnet mask (i.e how many bits are representing the network portion of the IP address)

the notation consists of the ip address and then a forawrd slash at the end and a number telling you how many of the bits in the subnet mask are set to 1

example

IP: 192.168.1.0 /24

subnet: 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000

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7
Q
  • when this has a bit set to 1 then the bit in the same position in the IP address is part of the network portion
  • when this has a bit set to 0 then the bit in the same position in the IP address is part of the host portion
A

how does a

subnet mask

determine the network portion and the host portion of an IP address

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8
Q

The network address given could be from

0.0.0.0 /8 to 127.0.0.0 /8

A

what is the address range of the

class A network address

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9
Q

what is the

private IP address range

with

CIDR notation /16

A

the address range of this is from

192.168.0.0

to

192.168.255.255

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10
Q

this is a message sent by a hosts that is receieved only by subscribing devices

in general it provides a way for a host to share a message with a goup of other hosts that are concerned about the message

A

what is an

IPv4 multicast

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11
Q

this tells you how many bits are set to 1 in the subnet mask (i.e how many bits are representing the network portion of the IP address)

the notation consists of the ip address and then a forawrd slash at the end and a number telling you how many of the bits in the subnet mask are set to 1

example

IP: 192.168.1.0 /24

subnet: 1111 1111.1111 1111.1111 1111.0000 0000

A

what is

CIDR notation

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12
Q

how does a host write the IP address when sending an

IPv4 limited broadcast

A

when a host wants to send one of these it will set the IP address to

255.255.255.255

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13
Q
  • this identifies the network
  • is the first address on a network
  • will have the host portion of the network address at all 0s
A

in 3 points describe what the

network address

is

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14
Q

how does a host write the IP address when sending an

IPv4 directed broadcast

A

when a host wishes to send one of these it will:

  1. set the network portion of the IP to the network it wishes to communicate with
  2. set the host portion of the IP address to all 1s
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15
Q

describe the

IPv4 limited broadcast

A

a host will use this when it wishes to send an IPv4 message to all hosts on the same network

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of

IPv4 broadcast

A

this can be either a:

  • Directed broadcast
  • Limited broadcast
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17
Q

The first usable address will always be one above the the network address

The last usable address will always be one less than the network broadcast address

A

what is the

first usable address and last usable address on a network

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18
Q

This class of network address was handed to customers who had extremely large networks. A network address of this class could support 16 million hosts

A

describe the type of customer who might receive a

class A network address

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19
Q

what is the address range that is reserved for

IPv4 multicasting on a local network only

A

the addresss range reserved for this is from

224.0.0.0

to

224.0.0.255

Any message sent within this address range will not be forwarded by the router

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20
Q

this range is from

10.0.0.0

to

10.255.255.255

A

what is the

private IP address range

with

CIDR notation /8

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21
Q

what is an

IPv4 unicast

A

this term is given to peer to peer or peer to server communication

in general it describes a message being sent where its destination will be to one device

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22
Q

what is the address range of the

class C network address

A

The network address given could be from

192.0.0.0 /24

to

223.255.255.0 /24

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23
Q

this is:

  • a binary number containing 32 bits
  • it is divided into 4 groups called octets
  • each octet has a decimal range from 0 to 255
A

answer the following questions about

IPv4

  • how many bits are in an IPv4 address
  • how is this address divided
  • and what are the decimal ranges for each of these divisions
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24
Q

The network address given could be from

128.0.0.0 /16

to

191.255.0.0 /16

A

what is the address range of the

class B network address

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25
what is a ## Footnote **public IP address**
This is an IP address that can be routed across the internet. if a network wishes to communicate on the internet it must use one of these
26
what is an ## Footnote **IPv4 multicast**
this is a message sent by a hosts that is receieved only by subscribing devices in general it provides a way for a host to share a message with a goup of other hosts that are concerned about the message
27
this range is from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
what is the **private IP address range** with **CIDR notation /12**
28
hosts use this when they would like to direct a broadcast to a specific network this can be either their own network or a remote network
describe the ## Footnote **IPv4 directed broadcast**
29
this was abondoned in the 1990s because it does not make full use of all available network addresses. the internet was growing and it was clear that this system was not efficient. this was replaced by classless addressing formerly known as **Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)**
why was **classful addressing** abondoned and what replaced it
30
in 3 points describe what the **network address** is
* this identifies the network * is the first address on a network * will have the host portion of the network address at all 0s
31
what is the address range for ## Footnote **IPv4 unicast**
the host addresses are in the address range of 0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255. However, within this range are many addresses that are reserved for special purposes.
32
this is an address used so that hosts can be uniquely identified on a network. _note_ Every host joined to a network must have a unique address
what is an **IPv4 address** used for
33
This is used when a host wishes to share a message with all other hosts either on the same network or on a remote network. protocols such as DHCP make use of this
what is an ## Footnote **IPv4 broadcast**
34
what is the address range resrved for ## Footnote **IPv4 multicast**
the address range resrved for this is from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
35
describe the 2 portions that an **IP address** is made up of and how it is decided
this is made up of a: 1. The network portion - identifies what network a host belongs to 2. The host portion - uniquely identifies hosts on a network the network portion is decided by the hosts subnet mask
36
This class of network address was given to customers who had a moderate to large sized network and could support roughly 65,000 hosts
describe the type of customer who might receive a ## Footnote **class B network address**
37
answer the following questions about **IPv4** * how many bits are in an IPv4 address * how is this address divided * and what are the decimal ranges for each of these divisions
this is: * a binary number containing 32 bits * it is divided into 4 groups called octets * each octet has a decimal range from 0 to 255
38
what is an ## Footnote **IPv4 broadcast**
This is used when a host wishes to share a message with all other hosts either on the same network or on a remote network. protocols such as DHCP make use of this
39
what is an **IPv4 address** used for
this is an address used so that hosts can be uniquely identified on a network. _note_ Every host joined to a network must have a unique address
40
what is the **private IP address range** with **CIDR notation /8**
this range is from ## Footnote 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
41
The network address given could be from 192.0.0.0 /24 to 223.255.255.0 /24
what is the address range of the ## Footnote **class C network address**
42
this is made up of a: 1. The network portion - identifies what network a host belongs to 2. The host portion - uniquely identifies hosts on a network the network portion is decided by the hosts subnet mask
describe the 2 portions that an **IP address** is made up of and how it is decided
43
the host addresses are in the address range of 0.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255. However, within this range are many addresses that are reserved for special purposes.
what is the address range for ## Footnote **IPv4 unicast**
44
a host will use this when it wishes to send an IPv4 message to all hosts on the same network
describe the ## Footnote **IPv4 limited broadcast**
45
To do this it takes an IPv4 address and a subnet mask and applies the AND operation the outcome of this operation is a IPv4 network address
given an IPv4 addess and a subnet mask ## Footnote **how does a host compute the network address**
46
this is: * used to send a message to every host on the network * the last address of the network * will have the host portion of the address all set to 1s
in 3 points describe the ## Footnote **network broadcast address**
47
what is the address range of the ## Footnote **class A network address**
The network address given could be from 0.0.0.0 /8 to 127.0.0.0 /8
48
the address range of this is from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
what is the **private IP address range** with **CIDR notation /16**
49
when a host wishes to send one of these it will: 1. set the network portion of the IP to the network it wishes to communicate with 2. set the host portion of the IP address to all 1s
how does a host write the IP address when sending an ## Footnote **IPv4 directed broadcast**
50
1. The source host looks at the destination host IPv4 address 2. It then uses the logical operation AND with the destination IPv4 and its own subnet mask to determine a network address 3. If the network address matches its own network address it will use ARP to directly send the message 4. Otherwise it will send the message to its default gateway to be routed to a remote network
in 4 steps describe ## Footnote **how a host finds and uses a network address to determine how it will send the message**
51
these are blocks of reserved IP addresses that may only be used within a LAN. These addresses cannot be routed across the internet if you attempted to send a message with a private IP address across the internet it would most likely be dropped by the ISP
what is a ## Footnote **private IP address**
52
why was **classful addressing** abondoned and what replaced it
this was abondoned in the 1990s because it does not make full use of all available network addresses. the internet was growing and it was clear that this system was not efficient. this was replaced by classless addressing formerly known as **Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)**
53
this term is given to peer to peer or peer to server communication in general it describes a message being sent where its destination will be to one device
what is an ## Footnote **IPv4 unicast**
54
these were handed out to customers depending on the number of hosts they required these were categorised into classes from A to C
how were internet **network addresses** handed out to customers from 1981
55
this is the modern approach to handing out or creating IP addresses and subnet masks it mainly consists of creating a subnet mask depending on the number of hosts required. the benefit here is that the subnet mask can be any length meaning that all network addresses that are available within IPv4 can be used
what is ## Footnote **Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)**
56
what is a ## Footnote **private IP address**
these are blocks of reserved IP addresses that may only be used within a LAN. These addresses cannot be routed across the internet if you attempted to send a message with a private IP address across the internet it would most likely be dropped by the ISP
57
what are the two IP addresses that are reserved on every IPv4 network
these include: 1. the network address 2. the broadcast address
58
what is the first usable address and last usable address on a network
The first usable address will always be one above the the network address The last usable address will always be one less than the network broadcast address
59
the addresss range reserved for this is from 224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 Any message sent within this address range will not be forwarded by the router
what is the address range that is reserved for ## Footnote **IPv4 multicasting on a local network only**
60
what is the **private IP address range** with **CIDR notation /12**
this range is from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
61
describe the ## Footnote **IPv4 directed broadcast**
hosts use this when they would like to direct a broadcast to a specific network this can be either their own network or a remote network
62
describe the type of customer who might receive a ## Footnote **class A network address**
This class of network address was handed to customers who had extremely large networks. A network address of this class could support 16 million hosts
63
This class of address was given to customers that had small networks and could support 254 hosts
describe the type of customer who might receive a class C network address
64
the address range resrved for this is from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
what is the address range resrved for ## Footnote **IPv4 multicast**
65
give a typical use case of how routers might use the **IPv4 multicast** and **Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2)**
the Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2) has an IPv4 multicast address of 224.0.0.9 routers configured to use RIPv2 would send an IPv4 multicast to this address in order to share routing information with other routers
66
This is an IP address that can be routed across the internet. if a network wishes to communicate on the internet it must use one of these
what is a ## Footnote **public IP address**
67
given an IPv4 addess and a subnet mask ## Footnote **how does a host compute the network address**
To do this it takes an IPv4 address and a subnet mask and applies the AND operation the outcome of this operation is a IPv4 network address
68
the Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2) has an IPv4 multicast address of 224.0.0.9 routers configured to use RIPv2 would send an IPv4 multicast to this address in order to share routing information with other routers
give a typical use case of how routers might use the **IPv4 multicast** and **Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2)**
69
in 3 points describe the ## Footnote **network broadcast address**
this is: * used to send a message to every host on the network * the last address of the network * will have the host portion of the address all set to 1s
70
what is ## Footnote **Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)**
this is the modern approach to handing out or creating IP addresses and subnet masks it mainly consists of creating a subnet mask depending on the number of hosts required. the benefit here is that the subnet mask can be any length meaning that all network addresses that are available within IPv4 can be used
71
what is the address range of the ## Footnote **class B network address**
The network address given could be from 128.0.0.0 /16 to 191.255.0.0 /16
72
when a host wants to send one of these it will set the IP address to 255.255.255.255
how does a host write the IP address when sending an ## Footnote **IPv4 limited broadcast**
73
in 4 steps describe ## Footnote **how a host finds and uses a network address to determine how it will send the message**
1. The source host looks at the destination host IPv4 address 2. It then uses the logical operation AND with the destination IPv4 and its own subnet mask to determine a network address 3. If the network address matches its own network address it will use ARP to directly send the message 4. Otherwise it will send the message to its default gateway to be routed to a remote network
74
this is the address of a network a host uses to determine whether it should use ARP to forward a message directly to a host on the same network or if it should send the message to its default gateway so that the message can be routed to a remote network
what is a **network address** and how is it used
75
describe the type of customer who might receive a ## Footnote **class B network address**
This class of network address was given to customers who had a moderate to large sized network and could support roughly 65,000 hosts
76
how were internet **network addresses** handed out to customers from 1981
these were handed out to customers depending on the number of hosts they required these were categorised into classes from A to C

TM129: Networking (19 decks)

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