Module 8- Vitamins & Minerals Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
why is salt added by itself in diets?
A
do not want it to be deficient or inefficient
2
Q
what would happen if too much salt was added to the diet? (2)
A
1) decrease feed intake
2) increase water intake
3
Q
why can vitamins & minerals not be formulated at large feed mills?
A
scale tolerance is too large
4
Q
what % of diet makes up the vitamin/mineral pre-mix
A
0.5%
5
Q
T or F: vitamin/ mineral deficiencies are often secondary deficiencies with how they are mixed
A
T
6
Q
how are vitamins defined?
A
if soluble polar solution
7
Q
T or F: there is no relationship between B1 & B2 except for the order they were discovered
A
T
8
Q
2 common features of minerals
A
1) insoluble, not readily absorbed
2) require carrier proteins for transport
9
Q
T or F: minerals have to be solubilized in water prior to being fed
A
T
10
Q
what 2 minerals ate soluble & do not form salts
A
iodine & selenium
11
Q
T or F: minerals are protonated
A
T
12
Q
protonated minerals form
A
salts
13
Q
why must metal ions be chelated?
A
bc they are active so need to prevent oxidation in the body
14
Q
metals form complexes with a well defined number of organic
A
ligands
15
Q
ligand
A
molecule attached to metal ion
16
Q
how do metal ions circulate in the body?
A
attached to a ligand, not free
17
Q
what often acts as ligands for metal ions
A
AA
18
Q
ligands consist of what 2 chemical groups
A
neutral or anionic
19
Q
example of a ligand
A
chromium picolinate
20
Q
why are mineral deficiencies not common?
A
bc they are stored in the body
21
Q
what 2 minerals can be deficient? why?
A
Na & K, bc secreted in urine
22
Q
where are macrominerals stored
A
bones
23
Q
where are microminerals stored
A
liver
24
Q
3 examples of macrominerals vs microminerals
A
macro- Ca, P & Mg
micro- Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Cr
25
vitamins have been around for ( ) years
100
26
who discovered vitamins
casimir funk
27
vitamine
vital amine
28
vitamins
organic nutrients required in small quantities
29
T or F: vitamins must have an amine group for it to be a vitamin
F
30
T or F: vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in the diet
T
31
what vitamin can somewhat be synthesized in the body in some animals
vitamin C
32
beriberi
thiamin
33
rickets
vitamin D
34
pelleagra
niacin
35
casimir funk won nobel prize in
1929
36
why are we seeing increased cases of scurvy?
moving away from traditional diets
37
T or F: all water soluble vitamins expect C were designated B vitamins at first
T
38
T or F: it is preferable to use the chemical name of B vitamins
T
39
T or F: storage of water soluble vitamins is very little besides B12
T
40
how are B vitamins absorbed in the gut at high vs low levels
high: passive absorption (osmotic)
low: sodium dependent active transport
41
why is it rare for water soluble vitamins to be toxic
bc they get excreted in urine
42
biotin is involved in
glucose metabolism
43
water soluble requirements for monogastrics vs ruminants
ruminants -> can synthesize all b vitamins but high producing dairy cattle cannot synthesize enough to support production
monogastrics-> can make in hindgut but no use to animal bc occurs after absorption
44
what horses may benefit from vitamin B supplements?
- sick
- hard working
- racing
45
cecetropes
irregular feces, what is consumed from hindgut fermentation
- can get necessary vitamin B needs
46
fat soluble vitamins are defined by
non-polar hydrophobic molecules
47
what happens to fat soluble vitamins after absorption?
transported to liver in chylomicrons
48
high density lipoprotein
decrease fat, increase protein
49
VLDL
increase fat, decrease proteins
50
T or F: fat soluble vitamins can cause toxicity bc they can be stored
T
51
where are vitamins A, D E & K stored
liver & kidney
52
where is vitamin E stored
adipose tissue
53
how are fat soluble vitamins excreted
bile & feces
54
T or F: vitamin D is not a true vitamin
T
55
vitamin D is actually a hormone involved in
regulation of Ca & P metabolism
56
all fat soluble vitamins are ( ) derivates
isoprene
57
why is vitamin D not considered a true vitamin?
not essential bc body can synthesize it
58
rickets vs osteoporosis
rickets- young animals
osteo- older animals
59
rickets is a deficiency of
secondary deficiency of vitamin D, not calcium
60
most important group of vitamins & minerals
electrolytes
61
what 5 vitamins are electrolytes
Na, K, CI, Ca2+, Mg2+
62
electrolyte function
maintain Na/k gradient between intracellular/extracellular environment
63
Na/K ATPase pump
low intracellular Na, high K
64
how much ATP is used by the animal for maintenance of the Na/K ATPase pump?
1/3
65
what does P provide for the Na/K ATPase pump
high energy bonds provides energy for active transport
66
Na vs K toxicity symptoms
Na: coma, seizure
K: cardiac arrhythmia
67
T or F: Ca serves as a 2nd messenger to relay info from outside to inside the cell
T
68
2 methods of Ca absorption
1) active, transcellular
2) passive, paracellular
69
active absorption of Ca occurs when Ca is
low
70
solvent drag
when bring glucose into cell, some calcium is also brought in
71
passive absorption of Ca required activation of
SLGT-1 channel
72
passive absorption of Ca occurs in the ( ) when Ca levels are
jejunum & ileum, moderate to high
73
passive absorption in monogastric accounts for up to (%) absorption
50%
74
active absorption of Ca occurs in the ( ) when Ca is ( )
duodenum, low
75
synthesis of calbindin is controlled by
vitamin d
76
T or F: vitamin D is a relatively large protein with lots of Ca binding sites
T
77
active transport of Ca
into intestine, out into blood
78
T or F: Ca excreted in feces is not in same form as consumed
T
79
what is the major Ca binding factor in the blood?
gamma carboxyglutamate residues in albumen
80
the production of gamma carboxyglutamate residues is catalyzed by
vitamin K
81
circulation of Ca in blood is indirectly associated with level of
vitamin K
82
high blood Ca stimulates
calcitonin
83
calcitonin function
reduces bone resorption & intestinal Ca absorption, and increases urinary Ca excretion
84
PTH function
increase bone resorption & intestinal Ca absorption, and decreases urinary Ca excretion
85
skeletal Ca is in the form of
hydroxyapatite
86
how many mg of Ca enters & leaves bones each day
500
87
osteoclasts vs osteoblasts
clasts: remove Ca & P from bone
blasts: deposit Ca & P in bone
88
osteoclast & osteoblast regulation is under ( ) control
hormonal
89
T or F: Ca metabolism is precisely regulated
T
90
PTH gland monitors blood Ca in the
carotid artery
91
what is the rapid effect of PTH
decreases urinary Ca loss
92
what is the primary hormone that regulates Ca resorption from bone
PTH
93
PTH increases the number of
osteoclasts
94
PTH is used for ( ) term regulation
long
95
higher numbers of osteoclasts break down more bones = release
Ca
96
vitamin D precursors are found in
plant & animal tissues
97
once at the liver, vitamin D from the diet (can/cannot) be differeniated
cannot
98
T or F: must supplement intensive livestock with vitamin D bc inside/no uV exposure
T
99
net effect of vitamin D on Ca metabolism
higher blood Ca concentrations
100
low estrogen can cause
osteoporosis
101
what is the most abundant intracellular anion
P
102
most P is absorbed in what form
inorganic
103
low vs high P effects of vitamin D production
low = increase vitamin D
high= decrease vitamin D
104
levels of P can vary up to what %
50%
105
what 2 hormones regulate P
PTH & vitamin D
106
T or F: P is not as tightly controlled as Ca
T
107
when P is low = PTH secretion is
decreased = increases intestinal absorption of P
108
ideal ratio of Ca : P
2 : 1
109
T or F: excessive dietary P can interfere with Ca absorption in the small intestine
T
110
high dietary P levels leads to large ( ) losses & ( )
fecal, bone resorption
111
active form of vitamin D
calcitrol
112
T or F: Ca is normally sufficient in plant sources
T
113
T or F: Ca is cheap, P is expensive
T
114
T or F: Ca has a max in diets
T
115
inorganic P is derived from what 2 things
1) mineral sources
2) dicalcium phosphate
116
where is organic P derived from
animal/plant sources
117
what is the major P source in plants that is indigestible by animals
phytic acid
118
T or F: it is difficult to distinguish deficiencies of Ca, vitamin D and P without blood tests
T
119
cage layer fatigue is an example of a ( ) deficiency
Ca
120
Pica symptoms
animals consume dirt & chew on pen materials
121
T or F: Ca & P toxicity is quite common
F
122
2 functions of vitamin K
1) blood clotting
2) cofactor for Gla synthesis
123
what vitamin is in rat poisoning
vitamin K
124
T or F: vitamin K deficiency is associated with osteoporosis
T
125
T or F: newborns have large stores of vitamin K
F
126
sweet clover poisoning in ruminants
coumarin is converted to dicoumarin which blocks vitamin K cycle
127
T or F: ruminants typically require vitamin K supplements
F- is in plant materials
128
what 2 things can happen if phytase enzymes are not fed
1) P will be overfed = more excreted
2) limiting in diet
129
phytase functions (2)
1) lowers availability of P
2) decreases P excretion
130
T or F: too much Ca can decrease activity of phytase
T
131
how is P excreted in environment
phytic acid
132
1 example of an energy associated vitamin
riboflavin
133
coenzymes
small organic molecules required for catalytic activity of the enzyme
134
all 5 energy associated vitamins are absorbed by what 2 ways
1) passive diffusion at high levels in the gut
2) sodium-dependent active transport at low levels in the gut
135
active thiamin
thiamin diphosphate
136
thiamin diphosphate function
coenzyme in reactions involving CO2 removal
137
thiamin is an essential cofactor of multiple
mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes
138
pyruvate dehydrogenase is used in the ( ) cycle
glycolysis
139
a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is used in the ( ) cycle
TCA
140
thiamin deficiencies are related with ( ) disorders
neural
141
rice bran contains what 2 vitamins
thiamin & riboflavin
142
riboflavin functions as part of what 2 coenzymes
1) FAD
2) FMN
143
FAD/FMN requiring pathways (3)
1) TCA
2) B-oxidation
3) electron transport chain
144
beta-oxidation
breakdown of FA
145
riboflavin deficiency is common bc it is low in what 2 feed sources for monogastrics
cereal grains & legumes
146
T or F: riboflavin deficiency is not life threatening
T
147
niacin is the generic name for
nicotinic acid & nicotinamide
148
what AA can be converted to nicotinamide?
tryptophan
149
60mg tryptophan = ( )mg niacin
1
150
T or F: rumen bugs get source of N but not tryptophan
T
151
example of niacin deficiency
pellagra
152
pellagra
rough skin
153
to produce a niacin deficiency, the diet must be low in
niacin and tryptophan
154
what feed is low in niacin and tryptophan
corn
155
biotin function
CO2 carrier in carbon dioxide fixation
156
polyunsaturated fats ( ) biotin requirements
increase
157
riboflavin requirements ( ) in high fat diets
increase
158
acetyl-Coa carboxylase
converts acetyl units to FA
159
avidin
protein in raw egg whites that binds biotin to make it unavailable
160
pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme
A
161
acetyl coenzyme A is used in
TCA cycle
162
example of a pantothenic acid source
yogurt
163
deficiency of pantothenic acid results in impaired
fat synthesis
164
hematopoietic
involved in formation of blood cells
165
3 examples of hematopoetic vitamins
folic acid, vita b12 & iron
166
the only requirement for cobalt is for
vitamin b12
167
deficiency of cobalt would show up as
vitamin b12 deficiency
168
are plants or animal products a source of vitamin b12
animal
169
vitamin b12 requires what 2 things to be absorbed
1) haptocorrin
2) intrinsic factor
170
where is vitamin b12 stored
liver
171
genetic disease for vitamin b12
have sufficient b12, but no IF = b12 is not absorbed properly
172
why do people who do not eat animal products do not have a vitamin b12 deficiency?
storage in liver
173
metabolism of b12 converts
homocysteine to methionine
174
b12 deficiency results in ( ) because of ( )
megaloblastic anemia, reduced folate
175
folic acid is required for
DNA synthesis
176
in a vitamin b12 deficiency, folate (will/will not) be recycled so added folate will have ( ) effect
not, no
177
cobalt requirements for ruminants
for rumen bacteria to synthesize vitamin B12
178
what determines if Fe is ferric or ferrous?
pH
179
in aqueous, aerobic environments iron is in form of
Fe3+ (ferric)
180
iron is reduced to ( ) in acid stomach
fe2+
181
intestinal absorption of iron requires
DMT1 transporter
182
what is the only form iron can be absorbed as
Fe2+
183
ferroportin vs transferrin
ferroportin: transports outside cell
transferrin: transports inside cell
184
in blood, iron is circulating bound to
transferrin
185
what form of organic minerals should be fed? why?
chelated form, bc not soluble
186
absorption of heme iron is (%)
15-50%
187
inorganic iron has what % of absorption
2-5%
188
each globin in hemoglobin binds to 1 ( ) molecule
porphyrin
189
T or F: almost no iron excretion
T
190
why is iron not in free form
bc it is so reactive
191
the level of saturation of ( ) in the blood is a good marker of iron status
transferrin
192
ferritin reduces
free radicals
