Module 9 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Level of commitment V level of exploration
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Moral development - Kohlberg’s theory
- Cognitive developmental approach
- Focus: development of reasoning about moral dilemmas
- Used moral dilemma stories like Heinz dilemma-
- Classified into 3 levels, 6 stages based on responses
Preconventional level - Kohlberg’s theory
Stage 1 – Punishment and Obedience Orientation
Punishment avoidance is “right”
Stage 2 – Instrumental Purpose Orientation
Whatever benefits the individual is “right”
Conventional level - Kohlberg’s theory
Stage 3 – Good boy-Good girl Orientation
Behaviour that pleases others is “right”
Stage 4 – Social-order-maintaining (Law & Order) Orientation
Authorities & rules determine what’s “right”
Post-Conventional level - Kohlberg’s theory
Stage 5 – Social Contract Orientation
Values and principles not laws govern what is “right”
Stage 6 – Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
Universal principles determine “right”
Developmental progression - Kohlberg’s theory
- Most children Stages 1 & 2
- Adolescents Stage 3
- Adults approx. 30% Stage 3; 60% Stage 4; < 10% Stage 5
- Stage 6 not always included due to few qualifying
Evaluation of Kohlberg’s theory
- Too much emphasis on moral reasoning, too little on moral behaviour
- Reasoning real life dilemmas lower as entail practical considerations and emotional reaction
- Gibbs et al. (2007) meta-analysis found similar developmental trends across stages 1 – 4 across cultures
Influences on moral development
Parents Peers Schooling Culture Religious/spiritual beliefs
Parent-child relationships
- Anna Freud (1958): need to unconsciously break childish attachments to be free to love peers
- Youniss (1983): transformation rather than traumatic severing of primary attachment to parents
Parenting behaviours
Warm, supportive parenting: optimal adolescent development
Coercive, controlling parenting:
- Low self-esteem
- Depression
- Substance abuse
- Antisocial behaviour
Uninvolved parenting: delinquency and risky behaviour
Parent-adolescent conflict
- Mainly daily living hassles
- Adolescents engage in psychological distancing
- Independence vs. control/protection
Conflicting developmental tasks (parent-adolescent)
Endless possibilities for future versus narrowing possibilities, ending roles
Discovering love and sex versus lowest point in marital satisfaction, peak time for divorce
Prime physical development versus first noticeable signs of aging
Parent-adolescent conflict strongest when
Conflict strongest:
- early adolescence
- girls
- early maturers
- first borns
- with mothers (Caspi et al, 1993)
Conflict level predicted by quality of relationship
Functions of friendships in adolescence
Brown (1990) Functions of friendships in adolescence
- mutual support- physical + social changes
- experimentation with roles & identity
- forum for questioning adult values
- meeting opposite sex
Increased intimacy with same-sex friends most important
- assistance with sexuality and identity
Cliques and crowds - Dunphy 1963
Cliques
- groups of 2 – 12 members (mean 5 – 6)
- live near each other
- meet up during week to share, plan, talk, etc.
- often same sex
Crowds
- aggregates of 2 or more cliques (mean 20)
- meet up weekends for social functions
- based on reputation and stereotypes
Cliques in adolescence
- Initial cliques unisex
- Move to mixed sex cliques to facilitate dating
- Breakdown of cliques and crowds in later adolescence
- > Increased sense of identity
- > Increased ease with opposite sex
- > More time in dating pairs
Peer pressure
strongest early adolescence negative peer pressure associated with: - shyness - transition to new school - aspiration to higher status peer group - low self-esteem - poor relationships with parents - authoritarian, permissive or uninvolved parenting
Juvenile delinquency
Juvenile delinquency more legalistic term
CONDUCT DISORDER
Age inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, social norms, and personal or property rights of others
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Conduct disorder DSM-V diagnostic criteria
3 + behaviours over previous 12 months from following categories:
- aggression to people and animals (e.g., bullying, fighting, weapon use, forced sex)
- destruction of property
- deceitfulness or theft (e.g., robbery, cons people, shoplifting, forgery)
- serious violation of rules (e.g., truancy, running away)
Interventions and treatment for juvenile delinquency
Effective interventions :
- Functional Family Therapy (FFT; Alexander & Parsons, 1982)
- Multisystemic Therapy (MST; Henggeler et al., 2009)
- Multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC; Chamberlain, 2003)
