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Medsci 206 > Module B: Memory > Flashcards

Module B: Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Where is declarative memory stored?

A

Medial temporal lobe diencephalon

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2
Q

Where is emotional memory stored?

A

Amygdala

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3
Q

Where is procedural memory stored?

A

Striatum. Basal Ganglia

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4
Q

Where are motor skill memories stored?

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

Non-declarative memory can be divided into…

A

Procedural, Emotional and Motor skills

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6
Q

Declarative memory can be divided into…

A

Semantic and Episodic

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7
Q

Immediate memory

A

Holds ongoing memory for a fraction of a second
Large capacity
Each sensory modality has its own memory register

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8
Q

Working memory

A

Holds information for seconds to minutes
Used to achieve certain goal
Limited duration and capacity

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9
Q

Long-term memory

A

Retained for days, weeks, lifetime
Immediate or working memory can both enter long-term
Enters long-term by concious or unconcious rehearsal

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10
Q

An Engram is…

A

The physical embodiment of memory in neuronal machinery, depends on changes in synaptic connections and/or growth/reordering of connections

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11
Q

Memory consolidation

A

can be from short term to long term, or can be immediately consolidated into long term

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12
Q

Why is forgetting important?

A

Those who can’t erase information have difficulties distinguishing important cognitive stimuli from trivial information

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13
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Memory deficit prior to time of trauma, can form new memories.

Typically involves generalised lesions from trauma or neurodegenerative disease. Suggests long term memories are distributed throughout cerebral cortex (evidence = larger numbers of errors in maze with larger lesions)

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14
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

Memories cannot be formed after time of trauma.

Case of H.M: Amygdala, incus, hippocampal gyrud and anterior hippocampus removed to alleviate epilepsy => loss of short term declarative memory

Case of R.B: Ischaemia in surgery, can’t form new declarative memory, had a bilateral lesion of hippocampus, CA1 region in particular

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15
Q

Declarative memory consolidation depends on…

A

The integrity of the hippocampus and its subcortical connections to mammilary body and dorsal thalamus

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16
Q

Morris water maze and radial arm tests are used for…

A

Testing spatial memory consolidation (declarative)

17
Q

Where do lesions have marked effect on radial and spatial maze learning?

A

Hippocampal lesions

Perirhinal have some effect

18
Q

Lesions in which region delay matching and non-matching?

A

Perirhinal cortical lesions

19
Q

Conditioned Learning

A

Generation of a novel response that arises from pairing novel stimuli with a stimulus that generates response being studied. Non-declarative memory

i.e. Classical: Pavlov’s dogs. Causes innate relflex.
Operant: Skinner’s box. Reward/punishment

20
Q

Phylogenetic Memory

A

memories stored in genes

i.e. predator recognition

21
Q

Association and motivation can….

A

Increasing working memory recall

22
Q

Motivated memory is what dependent?

A

modality dependent

23
Q

Acquisition and storage of declarative information?

A

Short term memory storage (hippocampus and related structures)

To

Long term storage
(a variety of cortical areas: Wernicke’s area for the meanings of words, temporal cortex for memories of objects and faces etc.)

24
Q

Acquisition and storage of nondeclarative information

A

Short term memory storage
(sites unknown but presumably widespread)

To

Long term storage
(cerebellum, basal ganglia, premotor cortex, and other sites related to motor behaviour)

25
Q

Characteristics of Early Phase LTP

A
  • about 2 hrs
  • protein modification (e.g. phosphorylation)
  • translation independent
26
Q

Characteristics of Intermediate Phase LTP

A
  • about 6 hrs
  • mRNA editing, stability, translation, splicing
  • translation dependent/transcription independent
27
Q

Characteristics of Late Phase LTP

A
  • about 10hrs +
  • transcriptional regulation and epigenetic modification
  • transcription dependent
28
Q

Late Phase LTP is involved in long term memory and involves…

A

insert picture

29
Q

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor is…

A
  • a neurotrophin
  • regulates neuron survival and differentiation, along with structure and function of neural circuits
  • acts in CNS and PNS
  • increased by exercise and environmental enrichment
30
Q

What are some features of BDNF regulation of structure and function of neural circuits?

A
  • release activity dependent
  • receptors often co-expressed with glutamate receptors
  • synthesised, stored and released from glutamatergic neurons
  • highest level of expression in hippocampus
31
Q

What was the effect of BNDF on LTP observed in Huntingon’s model mice?

A
  • only mice with supplemented BDNF maintained LTP

- this was recorded at CA1 region after Schaeffer collateral stimulation

32
Q

What stage of LTP is effected by BDNF?

A
  • CaMKII, PI-3K, PKA, PKC activation

- activation of all or some of these factors essential at all LTP Phases

33
Q

What does BDNF do?

A
  • increases production of under 4% of cellular proteins
  • reduces specific miRNA levels, thereby increasing the expression of specific proteins that miRNA inhibits at traqnslation
  • increases neurogenesis and LTP
34
Q

What are some of the effects of age on the brain?

A
  • a decrease in weight
  • decrease in synapse count, decreased connectivity
  • engrams of memories deteriorate due to above
35
Q

What is dementia?

A

A failure of recent memory and intellectual abilities

36
Q

What labelling was used to help locate engrams?

A

use of a promotor to drive expression of reporter gene - c-fos - and channelrhodopsin which opens with blue light stimulation, allowing sodium influx and action potential

37
Q

How was false memory implanted experimentally?

A
  • Viral transfection with ChR2 and optical fibre implantation to hippocampus
  • Memory formed and engram labelled with ChR2
  • Mouse placed in a different environment and engram stimulated at same time as foot shock
  • Observe the reaction of the mouse to each environment, and see if it reacts to foot shock in first environment even though it has not recieved foot shock there

Medsci 206 (4 decks)

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