Module Material

Question 1

What are the two key tasks in a serious crime investigation?

Answer 1

The two key tasks of any investigation are:
- gathering and preserving evidence
- accurate and detailed documentation

To ensure these tasks are carried out efficiently, there are established management protocols for receiving, processing, evaluating information and prioritising and directing tasks to members of the investigation team. These protocols ensure that the investigation is progressed in a coordinated way.

Question 2

What are the characteristics to maintain a high standard?

Answer 2

To maintain high standards in the investigation process you must:
* have an investigative mindset
* have the ability to apply the Appreciation Technique to think through issues to ensure the best possible course of action is followed
* always consider how your decisions will be scrutinized under cross- examination months later in Court when the case proceeds to trial
* pay meticulous attention to detail
* carry out your assigned tasks efficiently
* value the importance of professionalism, integrity and objectivity in conducting investigations
* maintain excellent communication skills (written and oral), and
* work as a team

Question 3

What is the purpose of a team conference?

Answer 3

The purpose of holding team conferences when investigating a major crime is to:
* keep all members of the team up to date with developments in the
enquiry
* give team members the opportunity to exchange views and pass on
important information
* give the 2IC the opportunity to pass on instructions to staff on file
management and other administrative matters
* give the officer in charge the chance to brief the team on important
investigative topics, priorities and which lines of inquiry to follow

Question 4

What are three ways to make team conferences organized?

Answer 4

Team conferences are usually chaired by the officer in charge. They must be carefully:
* planned
* recorded
* focused and managed to avoid excessive time use

Question 5

What are four difference types of conferences?

Answer 5

Different types of conference include:
* initial conference
* regular conference
* debriefing conference
* phase team conferences - run by the OC Phase and attended by his/her staff only

Question 6

How do you maintain confidentiality at a venue?

Answer 6

The venue must be secure from the public, media and from interviews in progress nearby. To ensure privacy and to avoid interruptions, all telephones should be diverted.

Where confidential CHIS information is being discussed the importance of confidentiality cannot be overstated. The same applies regarding information that may possibly be required for later corroboration.

Question 7

What are the primary functions of initial action?

Answer 7

The initial Police responders must assess the situation quickly yet carefully and decide what the most important things to do are, and
how and in what order they should be done. Their primary functions include:
‐ attending the scene at an early stage
‐ taking control of the situation; and
‐ co‐ordinating tasks.

Question 8

What could homicides initially be reported as?

Answer 8

‐ report of a missing person
‐ sudden unexplained death of an infant
‐ unexplained death
‐ report of an abduction
‐ report of violence where no fatalities are anticipated
‐ crime scene without a body present
‐ hit and run vehicular collision
‐ suicide
‐ fatal fire
‐ drug related deaths.

Question 9

What is VAWSEEPO

Answer 9

• Victim, identify and locate the victim(s).
• Appreciation, make an initial appreciation of the incident. Assess personal risk and then preserve the lives of others.
• Witnesses, locate and contain witnesses.
• Scene, preserve the scene (e.g. set boundaries).
• Exhibits, note evidence and preserve any that would otherwise be lost or destroyed.
• Elements, consider whether the ingredients of the alleged offence have been established.
• Powers, identify what powers are available and consider whether to execute them.
• Offenders, identify and apprehend suspect(s).

Question 10

Define Appreciation

Answer 10

An appreciation is a proven method of problem solving. The process follows a series of set steps to ensure the optimum course of action is decided upon. It considers all appropriate factors and weighs the benefits and risks of all alternative solutions, allowing sound decisions to be taken. An appreciation is an ongoing process which involves continually thinking through each new piece of information as it is uncovered.

Police attending a serious crime incident must make an appreciation before taking decisions and prioritizing tasks. Good decisions are not a matter of luck or guesswork; they are the outcome of a process of logical reasoning and careful consideration.

Question 11

What are some of the benefits to a good appreciation

Answer 11

Applying an appreciation technique can provide the following key benefits:

‐ Informs all Police what they are expected to achieve
‐ Increases the chances of success, i.e. the investigative aims/objectives being met
‐ Establishes a sequence of activities to be carried out
‐ Manages risk
‐ Reduces uncertainty
‐ Eliminates duplication
‐ Ensures nothing is overlooked
‐ Effective use of resources.

Question 12

What is AFCO?

Answer 12

• Aim. An aim is a short (one line) statement which succinctly
  demonstrates a single objective.
• Factors. A factor is any circumstance or fact that could possibly
  have an effect on the manner in which you will achieve
  your desired outcome.

Further risk to life, the location of possible suspects,
resources available, evidence requiring preservation, the
environment and weather conditions and history of the
relevant parties are all examples of factors that may
determine how actions are prioritized at the scene. Asking those ‘So what? questions.

• Courses Open. Courses open are a list of all the possible ways the aim could be achieved, bearing in mind the factors and the
  deductions made from those factors.
• Plan. A plan is a proposed course of action designed to put the
  selected course into action in order to achieve the desired
  aim.

Question 13

What should be obtained from the complainant/informant?

Answer 13

Every effort should be made to obtain:

‐ identity and location of the suspect
‐ a first hand account of what the complainant/informant knows
‐ precise details of the location of the scene
‐ circumstances leading to the discovery
‐ identity of the victim
‐ details of anyone else at the scene
‐ full contact details of the complainant/informant
‐ demeanour of the complainant/informant
‐ relationship of the complainant/informant, to the victim or suspect
‐ details of action the complainant/informant has taken and where they have been
‐ details of any hazards or safety issues that may affect Police approaching the scene/victim.

Question 14

What would you tell an informant/complainant to avoid loss of evidence?

Answer 14

‐ to return to the proximity of the scene, and guard it, if it is considered safe for them to do so
‐ not to enter the obvious boundaries of the scene
‐ not to touch or move anything
‐ to prevent others from entering or touching the scene
‐ to await Police arrival and identify themselves to the first Police at the scene.

Question 15

What is the first steps at the scene of a serious crime?

Answer 15

Preservation of life.
It is imperative that Police responders ensure their own safety, the safety of other responders and that of others present at the scene.

Then

Risk assessment
Initial action at the scene is crucial but may also present physical risks as well as a risk of contamination to the scene. Before initial actions can be safely undertaken, those in charge at the scene must conduct an appreciation on the known information, to dictate how, why and what form initial action should take. Subject to the appreciation of risks, a reconnaissance should be conducted to establish who is present at the scene. This may include other injured people, or a hidden offender.

The first priority will always be to ensure the safety of the attending Police members.

Question 16

What are the three categories when assessing the Victims medical status?

Answer 16

Having ensured the safety of those present, the next priority is to establish the physical condition of the victim. This falls into one of
three categories:

‐ Alive and uninjured. In cases where the victim is confirmed to have no injuries, no additional issues or complications arise. Proceed to ‘Preserving the scene

‐ Alive but injured. If a victim is injured but alive, call an ambulance and consider resuscitation if appropriate. If the victim has to be moved for this purpose, note the original body position and record any previous movements. If it is necessary for the victim to be transferred to hospital by ambulance, details of the ambulance crew and their destination must be recorded. If practicable, a detective should accompany the victim to hospital. Otherwise, a detective should attend hospital without delay.

‐ Shows no signs of life

Question 17

What are the steps for Victims at hospital

Answer 17

1. Obtain a medical opinion as to the victim’s current medical condition.
2. Seize the victims clothing and other possessions as evidence.
3. Establish the victim’s identity.
4. Obtain a pre‐transfusion blood sample using Police Toxicology Kit containers (containers at hospitals may contain gel which can affect the results of any subsequent forensic analysis of the blood sample).
5. Seize any discarded bandages used to cover gunshot wounds, and record the position on the victim where each bandage had
   been applied.
6. Arrange firearms residue samples in cases where firearm use is suspected, including from the victim of any apparent suicide
   involving a firearm.
7. Note and photograph any injuries.
8. Arrange DNA swabs to be taken from the victim’s skin, where they would be relevant to the particular circumstances of the case.
9. Obtain details of any and all persons who visit or contact the victim.
10. Conduct a scoping interview with the victim using appropriate open questioning (i.e. TEDS) to establish what happened and who
    was involved; where this would not adversely affect the medical welfare of the victim.

If it is anticipated the victim may die, consider recording an immediate statement, whether the victim can sign it or not. If the
victim subsequently dies, their statement may be admissible in proceedings as hearsay evidence, under section 18(1) of the Evidence Act 2006. In order to be considered admissible evidence under 18(1)(a), the court must be satisfied that both the content of the statement and the person who made it, are reliable. Police taking the statement must therefore record any factors which demonstrate the reliability of the statement or its maker. The circumstances to consider under section 16(1) of the Evidence Act 2006, include:

‐ the nature of the statement;
‐ the contents of the statement;
‐ the circumstances relating to the making of the statement;
‐ circumstances relating to the veracity of the person; and
‐ circumstances relating to the accuracy of the observation of the person.

11. Conduct a preliminary interview with ambulance and emergency staff who treated the victim, using appropriate open
    questioning (e.g. using TEDS) to establish what happened and who was involved.

Question 18

What are the steps when a body is discovered?

Answer 18

1. Consider calling an ambulance and resuscitation, if appropriate. If the victim has to be moved for this purpose, note the original
   body position and record any previous movements.
2. Remain with the body until relieved by CIB or a supervisor
3. Arrange a doctor to pronounce life extinct, unless death is obvious i.e. a decapitated or badly decomposed body.
4. Treat the ‘victim’ as a scene (do not move the body unnecessarily).
5. Instruct medical staff to leave clothes on the body
6. If medical treatment has been given then request that connecting tubes, needles, bandages and other medical items are left ‘in situ’
7. If possible, conduct scoping interviews with medical staff who treated the victim and establish their actions, apparent cause of
   death and injury type(s).
8. Ascertain if the victim spoke to anyone before death and record what was said.
9. Record body position, lividity (gravitational settling of the blood), obvious injuries and clothing.
10. Objectively record everything observed using all senses, including sight, sound and smell. Include what is considered unimportant or non‐evidential as after further investigation, such information may become relevant.
11. Record all exhibits.
12. Sketch a plan including the position of the body and position of exhibits.
13. Provide full information to the OC Investigation, at an early stage.

Question 19

What is covered off in the ‘identify’ step of preserving a scene?

Answer 19

Step 1. Identify

‐ Gather information and carry out an initial assessment of the scene.
‐ Consider your warrantless powers to deal with evidential material in respect of serious offences, pursuant to the Search and Surveillance Act 2012.
‐ Establish the ‘Crime Scene’ itself. Extend parameters as widely as possible, thinking beyond where the body is found to capture any exhibits, weapons or items the suspect may have discarded.
‐ Consider possible approach paths and establish a Common Approach Path (CAP) for all movements into and out of the scene; using a path which avoids any route possibly taken to and from the scene by the suspect(s) or the victim.
‐ Consider other ‘related’ crime scenes.
‐ What is happening at the scene and who is there?
‐ Note and record observations.
‐ Establish a scene headquarters, and safe arrival / assembly points.
‐ Provide a SITREP/SFP to Comms and obtain acknowledgement.

Question 20

What is covered off in the ‘Secure’ step of preserving a scene?

Answer 20

Step 2. Secure

‐ Where necessary, exercise powers to secure the scene pursuant to section 116 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012.
‐ Effect removal of all persons within the scene in a way that causes a minimum of disturbance to the scene. For example, by using the CAP and ensuring witness don’t disturb or remove anything from the scene.
‐ Establish cordoned parameters using Police emergency tape.
‐ Arrange and brief scene guards with clearly defined duties using Police employees or civilian security guards, as per local policy. If necessary, reliable members of the public may initially act as guards until further Police arrive.
‐ Arrange Crime Scene Logs.
‐ Prevent unauthorised persons from entering or leaving the scene.
‐ Prevent any further loss or damage to evidence caused by adverse weather or other factors, such as animals.

Question 21

What is covered off in the ‘Preserve’ step of preserving a scene?

Answer 21

Step 3. Preserve

‐ Consider the best path into the scene.
‐ Record any movements/action taken in the scene
‐ Preserve what is there and leave it ‘in situ’. Ensure nothing is touched or moved. The scene must be kept in its original state.
‐ If no immediate life is at risk, consider using stepping plates.
‐ Be prepared to take immediate action to preserve and/or record evidence that may change if nothing is done. For example, rain may damage a footprint or bloodstain.

Question 22

What is covered off in the ‘Consider’ step of preserving a scene?

Answer 22

Step 4. Consider

‐ If initial photographs of the scene and persons present are necessary.

Question 23

What is covered off in the ‘Record’ step of preserving a scene?

Answer 23

Step 5. Record

‐ The integrity of the scene by establishing and maintaining a crime scene log of movements, names, times and reasons for entry and exit to the scene. A template Crime Scene Log is included in the Serious Crime Template.
‐ Observe and record full notes of precise details of the scene, particularly the location of the victim.
‐ Complete a sketch of the scene.
‐ Photograph the scene and consider using video recording.
‐ Identify anything which is moved, noting the original and eventual positions.
‐ Make an accurate record of these facts and report them to the OC Investigation at an early stage.

Question 24

What is a crime scene log?

Answer 24

A crime scene log records the details, time and purpose of all persons who enter, attempt to enter, or leave the crime scene, as well as
any other activity around the crime scene which the scene guard perceives to be relevant to the case.

After emergency services have performed initial procedures and a scene has been cleared, no person must be allowed to enter without
specific prior authority from the OC Investigation.

Question 25

What is the purpose of a crime scene log?

Answer 25

A scene guard and the log maintained by that person, is employed in order to ensure: ‐ there is no unauthorised entry into the scene ‐ integrity of evidence or potential evidence is secured ‐ intelligence opportunities are maximised ‐ contamination issues are managed. To avoid confusion, only one Crime Scene Log must be kept at each point of access to the scene. The log must identify keeper of the record as well as the name and time when all persons entered or left the scene and their reasons for entry. A benefit of using crime scene logs is that when utilised, pedestrian traffic in and out of a scene is dramatically reduced. This helps to protect the integrity of the scene.

Question 26

What are the duties of a scene guard?

Answer 26

Secure scene - Deny any person access to the scene, unless they are expressly authorised to enter by the Officer in Charge of the investigation or the Crime Scene Co‐ordinator/OC Scene. Record details - Maintain a crime scene log and note for every person authorised to enter the scene: ‐ name and designation ‐ authority to enter the scene ‐ purpose of the visit ‐ time of entry and time of exit. Control movements - Ensure everyone entering the scene is directed to the Common Approach Path to be followed and is supervised during the visit. Record movements- Record all movement and vehicle details to, from and near the scene, in the crime scene log. Brief others - Promptly communicate any relevant information received to the OC Scene or Crime Scene Co‐ordinator (as appropriate). Avoid disturbance - Do not personally enter, contaminate or interfere with the scene, e.g., using toilet facilities, making coffee, etc. Protect scene - Be vigilant for activity such as the presence of any animals which may feed on body tissue etc. Remain on duty until relieved by the oncoming scene guard. Brief replacement - Brief the oncoming Scene Guard on all relevant matters and hand on the crime scene log. Respect security - Do not discuss events or the crime with witnesses, bystanders or members of the media. Demonstrate courtesy - Use tact and courtesy when dealing with civilian witnesses and crowds. Inform others - Report any actions taken to the OC Scene or Crime Scene Co‐ordinator as appropriate.

Question 27

What are the initial questions you will ask of a witness?

Answer 27

‐ What happened ‐ Where exactly the incident happened ‐ When it happened ‐ Who was involved ‐ What the witness did ‐ Where the witness went ‐ What the witness touched ‐ Who touched the witness ‐ Who else was present ‐ Descriptions of those present ‐ What did those other people present say/do.

Question 28

What are the main things to consider when obtaining forensic evidence from a witness at a scene?

Answer 28

The plan to preserve and recover evidence from a forensically important witness should consider these issues, where applicable: ‐ Immediate DNA swabs of any areas of the witness that the suspect may have touched. ‐ Immediate DNA swabs of any blood present on the witness. ‐ Immediate swabs of any other relevant stains present on the witness. ‐ Forensic medical examination, i.e. fingernail scrapings, hair combing etc. ‐ Seizure of clothing and footwear. ‐ Seizure of any items of property touched by the suspect. Where possible consider these points: ‐ Avoid any potential cross contamination issues by arranging for witnesses who have been present at a crime scene, to use different vehicles and interview rooms to those used by other witnesses, the victim or suspect(s). ‐ Photographing witnesses at the scene enables future identification of witnesses; for example to assist CCTV enquiries or for OC Witnesses use at court hearings. ‐ Photograph any injuries suffered by witnesses.

Question 29

What are they steps to obtain key material from witnesses?

Answer 29

1. Obtain full details of all persons present at the scene. 2. Assemble people in a clear area, ensuring a police officer remains with them. 3. If possible, isolate witnesses from one another to reduce the likelihood of contamination and/or collusion. Explain this rationale to the witnesses. 4. Identify witnesses and conduct a brief scoping interview, using open TEDS questioning. Include descriptions of other persons mentioned. 5. Establish whether any persons have left the area. 6. If the witness has made telephone calls from the scene, establish the numbers such calls were made from and to, and who answered. This may verify accounts and times. 7. Record registration numbers of nearby vehicles to establish which drivers/passengers may have been in the area. 8. Seize any CCTV relevant to the vicinity/routes to establish who may have been in the area at the relevant time.

Question 30

What steps do you take if a suspect has been identified at a scene?

Answer 30

1. Separate suspects from other persons at the scene. 2. Consider the condition of the suspect, whether they are injured, under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or suffer from a medical or mental impairment or other special consideration. 3. Ask them to remain at the scene and to co‐operate with police. As soon as possible, remove the suspect from the scene by consent or with lawful justification. 4. If the suspect refuses to co‐operate, consider whether grounds exist to arrest them and what the most appropriate offence will be. 5. To prevent cross contamination issues, consider using officers who have not entered the scene to manage the suspect, if available. 6. If the suspect is: arrested or detained - caution the suspect If not arrested or detained but Police want to question them and there is good cause to suspect they committed the offence - caution the suspect, where required. If the caution is given before the suspect is arrested or detained, the advice must be repeated on arrest or detention. If they are a CYP - Caution where required 7. To prevent cross contamination issues, consider using officers who have not entered the scene to manage the suspect, if available. 8. Consider searching the vicinity of the suspect and the area or route they are thought to have taken, in order to recover discarded or secreted evidence. 9. Note the suspect's appearance and behaviour. For example: do they appear edgy, shocked or agitated? Are their clothes ripped and/or stained? 10. Record everything the suspect says and if appropriate, consider conducting a preliminary interview in accordance with the 'Investigative interviewing suspect guide'. 11. Whenever possible, interviewing of suspects should be recorded on video in accordance with the 'Investigative interviewing suspect guide'. 12. Brief the OC Investigation on their arrival, highlighting any significant risks surrounding cross‐contamination or movement within or near the scene.

Question 31

What should you do if media is present at the scene?

Answer 31

If members of the media are present at the scene, keep them away from the immediate crime scene cordon and make no comment about the incident. Consult with the OC Investigation on arrival and explain what has happened, identify media members and where they are located.

Question 32

What will the officer in initial charge of the incident be expected to provide to the O/C Investigation?

Answer 32

The OC Investigation will expect a briefing from the officer in initial charge of the incident, as to: ‐ What has occurred? ‐ What action has been taken? ‐ What has not been done? ‐ What needs to be done?

Question 33

What must the O/C Body do:

Answer 33

‐ ensure death has been certified by a doctor or qualified paramedic using a Deceased Person Certificate (POL 265) ‐ maintain security and continuity of the body, samples and exhibits, from the scene to the commencement of the post‐mortem examination ‐ secure and guard the body, body samples and any exhibits relating to the body, with dignity and respect ‐ note and record observations relating to the body ‐ note details of medical staff or others who have attended the victim ‐ record what actions have been taken by any party in respect of the body ‐ establish if the body has been moved or disturbed ‐ ensure the body is photographed 'in situ' and consider using video recording ‐ on authority of theOC Investigation, arrange transportation of the body to the mortuary ‐ complete sudden death procedures ‐ on authority of OC investigation, arrange formal identification of the body using form Pol 265A ‐ obtain historical medial records of victim for information of pathologist ‐ attend the post‐mortem examination with the OC Investigation, or deputy appointed by them, and: 1. attend the briefing of the pathologist by the OC Investigation, and contribute as required 2. ensure the Police photographer takes appropriate and sufficient photographs of the body before clothing is removed, again after the body is disrobed, and during the post‐mortem examination. The pathologist will direct the photographer. 3. preserve evidence from the body 4. record, label and secure all samples and exhibits associated with the body 5. arrange for fingerprints and palm prints to be taken, if required ‐ attend the debrief of the pathologist and record the findings, on direction of the OC and/or pathologist ‐ ensure all cultural responsibilities have been addressed. Note. It is the responsibility of theOC Investigation to: ‐ notify the Coroner early of the death, as detailed in the Police Manual chapter 'Contacting a Coroner' ‐ arrange the post‐mortem examination, in consultation with the Coroner ‐ consult the Pathologist before the post‐mortem commences, regarding the relevance and benefit of conducting X‐ray or CT/CAT scans of the body.

Question 34

When can the body be moved at a crime scene?

Answer 34

Unless in an emergency situation, the body must not be moved until the OC Investigation has given authority for this to occur.

Question 35

What must you consider when briefing experts?

Answer 35

‐ photographs and/or video recordings taken at the scene ‐ actions of the first responders ‐ identity of the body ‐ history of the body‐ including medical history, drugs found at the scene, action taken or developments since the discovery of the body ‐ timeframes relating to the finding of the body, the last sighting and other significant times that may impact upon time of death ‐ scope and priorities of the investigation ‐ any special evidential expectations and requirements ‐ environmental factors at the scene, i.e. weather conditions, ambient/historical temperature, nearby heating appliances, pollen influences ‐ any other additional information received from other experts, as appropriate.

Question 36

What must you consider in the appreciation to remove a body?

Answer 36

‐ Notification to and response from, the Coroner ‐ Views of the pathologist, ESR forensic scientist and Crown Solicitor attending the crime scene ‐ Consultation with other relevant experts ‐ Requirement for any examination or action needed before removal, based on known facts of the case ‐ Best method and route for the body removal, to minimise contamination of the scene or the body, for example by using sterile stepping plates ‐ Supervision of the body removal ‐ Chain of custody of the body from the scene to the mortuary ‐ Safe custody of exhibits ‐ Family and/or cultural considerations ‐ The appreciation should record the Standing Operating Procedures (SOP) for what and how items of protective clothing (e.g. paper suits, gloves and masks) must be used in relation to the scene and the body. Unless a specific reason exists to retain them, items of protective clothing should be placed in a bag and destroyed. The SOP for protective clothing used at a scene should be recorded once and thereafter scene staff may refer to the SOP, rather than recording every use or change of protective clothing.

Question 37

What happens if a body has been disturbed?

Answer 37

‐ Do not attempt to restore the scene to its original unchanged condition. ‐ Make enquiries to enable the original unchanged scene to be subsequently reconstructed and photographed, if required.

Question 38

What samples can be taken at the scene of a body and who decides it?

Answer 38

O/C investigation decides Samples include: ‐ larvae and insects ‐ potential fingerprint evidence from the skin on the body of the victim and/or items of clothing worn by the body, e.g. fine woven fabrics ‐ DNA swabs ‐ extraneous items such as loose hairs, fibres, glass, paint or other fragments ‐ firearm residue samples.

Question 39

What are the steps for removing the body?

Answer 39

1. Record the position of the body by sketch plan and direct a Police photographer to take photographs. Consider video recording or other imaging techniques. 2. In consultation with the Crime Scene Coordinator and/or OC Scene, consider marking and recording the position of the body before moving it, for example by measuring the distance from at least two nearby fixed features. Depending on the scene, this may not always be possible. 3. Record all details of the position of the body including: ‐ Position of the limbs. ‐ Appearance of the body. ‐ Wounds and clothing. ‐ Direction of any trails of blood present on the body. ‐ Lividity, if present (coloration of skin due to gravitational movement of blood). ‐ Extent of any rigor mortis present. 4. Important: Consider what health risks may be presented by handling the body. Further information on hygiene precautions is available in the Police Manual chapter 'Sudden Death'. 5. Cover the hands, feet and head with paper bags, secured with tape to prevent any trace evidence being lost when the body is moved. Wide tape should be used, taped around the bag at a suitable anchoring point that will secure the bag to the limb and prevent the bag from slipping off. The tape should not be so tight as to create new marks on the body and must not be applied directly to the skin of the body. Similarly, rubber bands or other tight fitting fasteners must not be used as these may also leave marks on the body, i.e. false ligature marks. If the use of a paper bag to cover a limb is not appropriate (eg. because the limb is wet), then a plastic bag may be used to protect potential forensic material. This decision should be made in consultation with the Crime Scene Coordinator/OC Scene and the OC Investigation. Whilst being transported, any open wounds may shed blood into the bag placed over the head and obscure details of blood splatter/direction. Liaise with scene experts to determine and prioritise appropriate actions to record and preserve this evidence. 6. Ensure clothing on the body is not contaminated by contact with foreign objects. 7. Wrap the body in a plastic sheet and place it in a body bag. 8. Carefully search underneath where the body lay. 9. Retain, as exhibits, all sheets, bags or other materials used to transport the body. 10. Obtain approval from the OC Investigation to remove the body from the scene. The OC Investigation is responsible for ensuring continuity of all aspects of the investigation and the body must not be moved until the OC Investigation has given authority for its removal. 11. When directed by the OC Investigation, arrange a contracted undertaker to remove the body to the mortuary. Ensure you are able to account for the security and continuity of the body as an exhibit at all times, until the pathologist commences the post‐ mortem examination. Ensure that the undertaker uses a body bag which is sterile.

Question 40

What should be consider for an appreciation at a post-mortem?

Answer 40

‐ Identification of the body at the mortuary ‐ Authority from the Coroner to conduct post‐mortem ‐ Consultation with the pathologist ‐ Safe custody of exhibits ‐ Identifying who should attend the post‐mortem ‐ Requirement for any specific need for examination or sampling based on the known facts of the case ‐ Appropriate resources at the post‐mortem, for packaging exhibits and taking photographs ‐ Family and/or cultural considerations arising from the post‐mortem ‐ Any likely requirement for a second or subsequent post‐mortem.

Question 41

What is the purpose of a post-mortem?

Answer 41

‐ determing where possible, the mode and time of death ‐ establishing how injuries and/or events at the scene may have contributed toward the death of the victim ‐ determining the nature and size of any weapon(s) used ‐ determining the approximate height and stature of the suspect ‐ providing areas of interest for subsequent interviews of witnesses and/or suspects ‐ negating possible defences ‐ identifying the victim, if identity has not been established.

Question 42

Who can attend a post mortem?

Answer 42

Section 38 of the Coroners Act 2006 prescribes who may attend a post‐mortem: ‐ the pathologist ‐ the Coroner ‐ any other pathologist assisting (if authorised by the Coroner) ‐ a doctor who treated the deceased ‐ a doctor, nurse or funeral director representing the deceased (if authorised by the Coroner) ‐ a doctor representing the interests of a suspect who has or may be charged in relation to the death (if authorised by the Coroner) ‐ any other doctor or trainee doctor (if authorised by the Coroner) ‐ Police ‐ any other person authorised by a Coroner. Any doctor, nurse or funeral director attending (other than the authorised pathologist(s)), are not permitted to assist with the post‐ mortem and must observe only. Police who should attend the post‐mortem are: ‐ the OC investigation ‐ the OC Body ‐ a member specifically designated as exhibits officer for post‐mortem, if required ‐ Police photographer ‐ SOCO or fingerprint officer, if required. Particular consideration should be given to seeking authority from the Coroner for the following parties to attend the post‐mortem: ‐ ESR forensic scientist ‐ Crown Solicitor.

Question 43

What other experts may be used regarding the conduct of the post-mortem?

Answer 43

‐ Odontologist ‐ Biologist ‐ Medical illustrator ‐ Toxicologist ‐ Ballistics expert ‐ Crime scene examiner ‐ Entomologist ‐ Anthropologist ‐ Disaster Victim Identification.

Question 44

What equipment is required for a post mortem?

Answer 44

‐ MEK examination kit ‐ Toxicology kit ‐ Body label ‐ A notebook and pens for use solely during the post‐mortem ‐ A Scene Exhibit Schedule form ‐ a template is included in theSerious Crime Template ‐ Copy of completed Pol 47 ‐ Pol 265 Deceased Person Certificate ‐ Pol 265A Deceased Person Identification ‐ Exhibit packaging supplies including envelopes, tape, exhibit labels and numerous paper exhibit sacks of various sizes ‐ Protective clothing i.e. paper suit, gloves and carbon filter masks ‐ Photographs from the scene, if available, showing the body 'in situ' ‐ A range of available exhibit numbers for the post‐mortem, obtained from the OC Exhibits ‐ Pre‐printed exhibit labels bearing the allocated exhibits numbers, if available ‐ Roll of brown paper, for placing layers between folds of any bloodstained clothing ‐ Firearms residue kit, if relevant.

Question 45

Can weapons be taken to the mortuary?

Answer 45

To avoid any potential contamination, weaponsmust not be taken to the mortuary until after the post‐mortem examination has been conducted. The OC Body must maintain the continuity of any exhibit used in this way.

Question 46

How do you support a death of a maori victim?

Answer 46

In the case of homicide or serious crime involving a Māori victim, an Iwi liaison Officer must be engaged as early as possible. This will support an understanding and awareness of the Mäori traditions, protocol and beliefs, and enhance relations between the investigation, family of the deceased and the Mäori community. It is important that all persons attending death scenes, handling dead bodies and handling tissue samples derived from such post‐ mortem examinations should be sensitive to cultural and religious expectations. In particular all Police employees must be familiar with local Māori needs and practices. Māori place significant importance on all events leading up to, during and after death. Every part of the grieving process (Tangihanga) is of immense cultural importance and Mäori must be given the opportunity to bless the site of death before the body is moved. For Mäori certain parts of the body are tapu and there are differing degrees of tapu according to each body part.

Question 47

What must the O/C Body do on arrival to the mortuary?

Answer 47

1. Ensure mortuary staff do not wash the body. 2. Ensure the body is labelled and secured in the secure mortuary fridge. 3. Retain any key used to secure the body, until it is required for the post‐mortem. 4. Ensure the body remains in its present condition until the commencement of the post‐mortem. 5. Arrange formal identification of the body.

Question 48

Where the identity of a dead victim can not be established, what other methods can be used?

Answer 48

‐ fingerprints ‐ DNA profiling (identification results take 3‐4 weeks or 48 hours for urgent analysis) ‐ dental records, available through the Region Forensic Dentistry Advisor ‐ eye examination records ‐ medical examination records, including scars, birth marks, implants or prosthetics, x‐rays, surgical wounds, amputations and tattoos ‐ personal effects ‐ facial reconstruction. A positive identification cannot always be established. The examination of the body for evidence of identity is a specialized task involving the pathologist and other experts. To assist in the identification of unknown victims, photographs should include the victim's clothing, tattoos, marks and unusual scars. Care must be taken not to contaminate evidence when photographing clothing in the mortuary. Clothing can always be described in detail at the post‐mortem and photographed after the examination.

Question 49

What information can be obtain by a pathologist from skeletal remains?

Answer 49

When skeletal remains are found, a pathologist, with the assistance of a forensic anthropologist, can usually provide information such as: ‐ Whether the remains are actually bones. ‐ Whether the bones are human. ‐ The age, gender, height and race of the person.

Question 50

What must you provide when briefing a pathologist?

Answer 50

The pathologist must be supplied with relevant information and material, i.e. ‐ Copy of the Notification to the Coroner (Pol 47). ‐ Medical Examination (MEK) kit. ‐ Toxicology kit. ‐ Medical records of the deceased, where available. ‐ Comprehensive photographs and/or video recordings taken at the scene. These should include photographs of exhibits, weapons and the body 'in situ', which will benefit the briefing for the post‐mortem, as well as the subsequent examination.

Question 51

How do you strip the body of a homicide victim at the post-mortem?

Answer 51

1. The body must only be stripped in the presence of the pathologist. 2. Remove the body from the secure mortuary fridge and assist mortuary staff to take the body into the post‐mortem examination room. 3. Remove the body from the body bag, causing minimal disturbance to the body. 4. Take possession of the body bag and any sheets or wrappings used to transport the body, as exhibits. 5. If necessary, direct the Police photographer to take additional photographs to ensure that appropriate and sufficient photographs of the body are taken before clothing is removed, and again after the body is disrobed. The pathologist will lead direction of the photographer. 6. Remove items of clothing from the body. Mortuary technicians may assist to removing clothing, but only under the supervision and direction of the OC Body. ‐ Cutting clothing off the body should be avoided, but may be necessary in some cases. If unavoidable, cut clothing in areas where evidence is least likely to be present. ‐ Search clothing pockets and make an inventory of each of the pocket contents. 7. Make an inventory of clothing and possessions, as each item is removed. 8. Label each item of clothing and each possession. 9. Label each item of clothing and each possession. 10. Ensure exhibits do not cross‐contaminate each other by coming into contact with one other. 11.Maintain security and continuity of the body and exhibits taken from the body, until the post‐mortem examination commences. 12. In cases involving obvious head trauma, before blood and debris is washed from the body, particularly the head hair, consider placing a fine sieve in the mortuary table drain hole to collect trace evidence that may have been transferred from a weapon, for later comparison with exhibits the suspect(s) have had access to.

Question 52

What photos should you have of a body?

Answer 52

‐ the body, before it is stripped ‐ the body, after it is stripped ‐ close up photographs of any wounds, marks, internal injuries and unusual features. These photographs must include a measuring scale placed in proximity to the feature being photographed, to make a permanent record of the dimensions of the feature.

Question 53

What procedures must the pathologist cover

Answer 53

‐ Records a description of the body, including: height, weight, build, eye colour and hair (density, colour and baldness). ‐ Records the body's external appearance (front and back) including: injuries, bruises, scars, scratches, discoloration and imperfections such as false teeth or false leg. ‐ Uses specialist kits for collecting evidence samples where appropriate, for example Medical Examination Kit, Toxicology Kit, Firearms Discharge Residue Kit or Post‐Mortem Kit. Post‐Mortem Kits are supplied by ESR, to the mortuary direct.

Question 54

What are examples of articles found during a post-mortem?

Answer 54

‐ ballistic projectiles ‐ foreign items such as hairs, fibres, blood or semen on or in the body ‐ ligatures ‐ any knot present on a ligature must not be cut or undone as the knot may be subject to a subsequent knot examination).

Question 55

What should the O/C body provide to O/C exhibits in addition to any exhibits?

Answer 55

The OC Body must hand all exhibits to the OC Exhibits, in order to maintain an unbroken chain of exhibit continuity and security. They should also provide the OC Exhibits with: ‐ the post‐mortem Scene Exhibit Schedule ‐ copy of the OC Body's notebook entries ‐ formal statement. Note: Toxicology samples must be delivered to the ESR as soon as possible to prevent decay.

Question 56

What must be included in a 1S file?

Answer 56

‐ statement relating to the victim's formal identification ‐ copy of the Police form 47 (report for the coroner) or, in the case of a child under the age of 2 years, a Police form 47A (Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy) ‐ copy of Deceased Person Certificate (Police form 265) ‐ copy of Deceased Person Identification (Police form 265A).

Question 57

Under what circumstances could a second post-mortem occur?

Answer 57

A second or subsequent post‐mortem may be directed by the Coroner, if: ‐ the pathologist is unable to determine cause of death in the initial post‐mortem ‐ a suspect's lawyer seeks approval from the Coroner to conduct an independent post‐mortem ‐ the Solicitor General orders a further post‐mortem, after an application to the High Court. The OC Body and OC Investigation must fulfil the same roles in respect of any second or subsequent post mortem.

Question 58

What is the role of Family Liaison Officer (FLO)

Answer 58

The role of the Family Liaison Officer (FLO) involves the day‐to‐day management of the partnership between the family of the deceased and the Police investigation. The primary function of an FLO is that of an investigator and not a support person. However, in performing this role, the FLO must also offer, facilitate and co‐ordinate support that addresses the needs of the family. The FLO should normally report to theOC Investigation to ensure continuity of supervision. However, at the outset of the enquiry line reporting must be determined and, depending on the facts of the case, the FLO may report to a different person, for example the OC General Enquiries. The OC Investigation or their delegated or authorised deputy must liaise closely with the FLO to ensure families are treated professionally, with respect and according to the family's needs. This may involve working in a variety of situations, sometimes in demanding and stressful conditions over sustained periods of time.

Question 59

What should be considered in the plan for family liaison officer?

Answer 59

‑ selection of the FLO and criteria employed for the selection ‑ exit plan for the FLO ‑ objectives of the family liaison ‑ assessing the most appropriate methods of conducting interviews with family members, including the use of specialist interviewers, where appropriate ‑ information to be released to and withheld from, the family ‑ requests made by the family which have not been agreed to, and the reasons for this ‑ complaints made by the family and theOC Investigation's action to progress and resolve the issues raised ‑ any member of the family who could be considered a suspect, to enable theOC Investigation to determine whether or not this is the case ‑ liaison with Victim Support and other support services.

Question 60

What does the term 'family' mean in regard to a family liaison officer

Answer 60

The term 'family': ‑ includes partners, parents, siblings, children, guardians, whänau and any others who have had a direct and close relationship with the victim ‑ includes 'chosen' family ‑ should reflect the victim's culture and lifestyle.

Question 61

What must the O/C Investigation consider when appointing an FLO

Answer 61

The OC Investigation must continuously review the appointment of an FLO and consider: ‑ the suitability of the officer for retention in the role ‑ whether additional FLOs should be appointed ‑ the needs and wishes of the family.

Question 62

What risks should be considered when deploying a FLO?

Answer 62

‑ the FLO's welfare and safety ‑ increased monitoring of the FLO's work and interaction with the family ‑ the level of information disclosure to the FLO and, in turn, the family ‑ the process by which any intelligence that arises from FLO contact with the family will be managed ‑ the need for the FLO to be clear in their interactions with the family ‑ the importance of fully documenting all contact and interactions with the family ‑ the possibility of deploying a more experienced FLO if appropriate ‑ the deployment of a deputy FLO for corroboration issues in addition to supporting the principal FLO ‑ not using the FLO in any search or arrest of a family member ‑ investigative or evidential impact of deployment ‑ whether or not the FLO will reside with the family. This may be an option in cases of kidnap for ransom where Police negotiators are in contact with the suspect. Such a deployment must only be undertaken after a meticulous consideration of the safety of the FLO.

Question 63

What must the FLO do before an appointment with the family?

Answer 63

Before meeting the family, which should occur as soon as possible, the FLO must: ‑ liaise closely with the OC Investigation regarding parameters of information to be shared with and/or held back from the family ‑ familiarise themselves with the enquiry ‑ familiarise themselves with all information established concerning the family, including known family composition or dynamics, cultural and lifestyle considerations, religious beliefs and communication requirements, e.g. language or disability ‑ familiarise themselves with available information and intelligence which could impact on the liaison role, such as previous Police involvement with the victim or family ‑ establish what contact the family has had with Police since the incident/death ‑ establish what information has been given to the family ‑ establish what information concerning the incident is already in the public domain.

Question 64

What must the FLO consider when preparing an interview with a witness?

Answer 64

The FLO will need to make an assessment to determine the interview requirements of family members and friends of the victim. This will enable the investigation team to identify which individuals require interviewing and to assess in respect of each witness: ‑ whether due to the personal characteristics of the witness or the circumstances of the offending, the witness requires special consideration, as defined by the 'Investigative interviewing witness guide' ‑ the availability of the witness ‑ any particular needs the witness has for assistance ‑ the optimum approach to be taken when approaching and interviewing the witness

Question 65

What are the early issues for resolution the FLO must deal with?

Answer 65

‑ provide immediate appropriate information to the family concerning the death of the victim and explain to the family what happens next in respect of the body, e.g. the post mortem and Coroner's processes ‑ provide the family/NOK with the Coronial booklet "When someone dies" which sets out the rights of the family and explains the Coronial process. There is a 24 hour time frame for objection to a post mortem so the information contained in the booklet is critical to the Coronial process. The booklets are held by District Victim Support and can be downloaded at Coronial services of New Zealand ‑ establish from family members any immediate evidence, information or rumors, which they may be aware of, so that this can be passed directly to the OC Investigation for urgent attention ‑ act quickly and effectively informing the OC Investigation without delay should a family or individual express concern for their personal safety or have been subject to threats or intimidation and require Police protection or assistance ‑ give or facilitate initial practical support for members of the family (eg. transport) ‑ as far as possible, protect the family from unwarranted media intrusion ‑ arrange temporary housing when the family home has been designated as a crime scene or a protracted search of the victim's home is anticipated. Victim Support should be involved in this process ‑ use their knowledge of the criminal justice system and Coroners processes to advise family members, as appropriate ‑ where appropriate and on direction of theOC Investigation, arrange for the Crown Solicitor to meet the family to explain decisions taken

Question 66

When must a VIS be updated before sentencing?

Answer 66

Victims should be given the opportunity to make a written statement about the impact the crime has had on them, through a victim impact statement (Refer Victims' Rights Act 2002 sections 17 to 27). The statement must be available for sentencing and should be no older than 28 days at the time of sentencing. Homicide trained Victim Support volunteers are trained to assist Police by taking Victim Impact Statements from surviving family members

Question 67

What financial support is available for serious crime?

Answer 67

Through Victim Support, the Government provides financial assistance on behalf of the Crown Solicitor for victims of serious crime towards the costs of dealing with the incident and attending court and other criminal justice processes. This includes: ‑ a discretionary grant of up to $1500 for families of homicide victims ‑ free counselling for families of murder and manslaughter victims. Initially six hours are approved with the option to increase to 15 hours. Counselling up to a maximum of 30 hours may be approved if required. ACC can help towards the costs of their burial, cremation and related ceremonies. Families of victims are able to claim a top‐up to the existing ACC funeral grant where the death is confirmed as the result of murder or manslaughter and the maximum ACC funeral grant has already been claimed. A maximum permitted amount, including the maximum ACC funeral grant, may be claimed by families of homicide victims, or the actual cost of the funeral, whichever is the lesser amount.

Question 68

What must be the family be notified of to meet their victims rights?

Answer 68

The family should be notified of: ‑ programmes, remedies, or services available through Police to the family as victims in their own right (refer section11) ‑ progress of the investigation (a legal requirement under section 12) ‑ the family's role as witnesses in the prosecution of the offence. Where an offender is arrested, the FLO (in consultation with theOC Investigation) must: ‑ inform the family of their rights to register on the victim notification register, and provide a POL 1065 form if they wish to do so ‑ make all reasonable efforts to ascertain any views the family have on the accused being released on bail, and ensure these views are communicated to the court in a Grounds for Opposing Bail Police Form 128 or, where Police are not opposing bail, in a covering report to Prosecutions (Victim Rights Act 2002, sections 29 and 30). ‑ inform the victim's family of: ‑ charges laid or reasons why charges are not laid, and any changes to the charges laid ‑ the date and place of each Court appearance of the accused or other Court hearing relating to the case ‑ release on bail of the accused ‑ any application made by the accused, for suppression of name or other identifying particulars under section200 of the Criminal Procedure Act 2011. The victim's family's views about the application must be ascertained and provided to the Court (refer section 28). The victim's family must also be informed of the outcome of such an application. ‑ details of bail conditions the accused is subject to. Note: This information must not be disclosed if it would contravene an order under section 19 Bail Act 2000 prohibiting the publication of matters related to a bail hearing.

Question 69

What information must be provided to the family in regard to viewing the body?

Answer 69

Arrangements for the family to view the body may be undertaken by the FLO, or alternatively, by the OC Body or other person directed by the OC Investigation. The FLO, in consultation with the OC Investigation should ask the family who they wish to nominate to identify the body. Provided no conflict occurs in this decision the wishes of the family should be respected. The FLO should ascertain the viewing facilities available, and be aware that people often touch or kiss the body when paying their last respects. Authority must be obtained from the OC Investigation before the body is viewed as investigative issues such as pending forensic examinations may need to restrict the extent of any viewing. The family must be provided with as much information as possible about the condition of the body before viewing it. To this end the FLO should view the body immediately before the family. This is applicable in cases where there is no disfigurement as much as in cases where there is some. Where viewing takes place after the post mortem the FLO should, in advance, explain to the family the necessity and consequences of the post mortem procedure.

Question 70

Can the FLO participate in suspect identification procedures?

Answer 70

The FLO should not participate in any suspect identification procedures.

Question 71

Where are the two types of ways information can be obtain in regards to family of the victim?

Answer 71

When examining the lifestyle of a victim, sources of information frequently fall into one of two categories: people and passive data. These may include the following people: ‑ friends ‑ colleagues ‑ partners ‑ associates ‑ online or social media contacts ‑ hobbies and habits ‑ travel movements ‑ people along the routes they were known to take ‑ customers or suppliers ‑ religious leaders or associates ‑ cultural associations ‑ other people that they come into contact with. Passive data Relevant Passive Data sources to be obtained by the FLO, may include: ‑ NIA ‑ CID ‑ medical history ‑ mental health records ‑ Human Source Management Unit (HSMU) ‑ landline telephone details and associated enquiries ‑ mobile telephone records ‑ Internet usage (ie. accounts with Internet service providers and use of social networks) ‑ vehicle details ‑ banking and other financial material ‑ diaries, letters and personal documents ‑ photographs and video footage belonging to family, friends and the victim ‑ passport and immigration data.

Question 72

What should the FLO do to manage the media for the family?

Answer 72

‑ prepare the victim's family for the anticipated level of media interest and provide them with a copy of the "Media information letter to family of the deceased" contained within 'Part 7 ‐ Media strategy for homicide and serious crime investigations' ‑ establish the family's views on any media appeals ‑ request the family to nominate a spokesperson, at an early stage ‑ consult the family before the release of personal details relating to the victim ‑ where possible, provide copies of media releases to the family before distribution ‑ inform the victim's family of significant developments in the investigation before releasing such information to the media, where it is appropriate to do so ‑ appraise the OC Investigation of media activity around the family ‑ request approval from the victim's family to release a photograph of the victim and where practical, respect their choice of photograph. It is important, however, for Police to make an objective appreciation of which photograph is most appropriate as the choice of photograph may influence public response. It is likely the media will attempt to obtain a photograph of the victim even if it is an old one that the family does not like, so it is good practice to obtain a recent photograph from the family and to secure their agreement for publication. Photographs may be given to the media representatives following consultation with the OC Investigation and Media Officer, on the condition they do not approach the family directly.

Question 73

What are the four main objectives of a area canvas?

Answer 73

‑ identifying the offender ‑ identifying and locating evidence, such as vehicles, discarded clothing, weapons and other articles ‑ identifying witnesses ‑ gathering information.

Question 74

What are some benefits to an area canvas?

Answer 74

‑ sightings of the victim or offender before or after the event ‑ sightings of relevant property or vehicles ‑ sightings of potential witnesses ‑ creating the opportunity for an early arrest through early identification of the offender ‑ obtaining key information to drive the investigation or develop lines of enquiry ‑ promoting awareness of significant occurrences ‑ eliminating unidentified vehicles or persons reported by other witnesses ‑ obtaining an accurate record of the local community.

Question 75

What are some relevant locations for an area canvas?

Answer 75

‑ scenes, for example: ‑ sites where victims, offenders or witnesses have been present ‑ sites where offences have taken place ‑ sites where vehicles, property or exhibits have been found ‑ premises within the line of sight of scenes ‑ access and egress routes to and from scenes ‑ areas where an offender may have lain in wait ‑ location where the victim was last seen alive ‑ locations or premises frequented by the victim ‑ locations of similar or previous incidents identified by intelligence as having occurred in the same locality as the offence under investigation.

Question 76

What must you be aware of when conducting enquires during an area canvas?

Answer 76

‑ violent offenders ‑ persons wanted by police for other crimes or wanted on warrant ‑ groups with particular linguistic or cultural needs ‑ local incidents or issues which residents may raise with Police

Question 77

What should the time parameters be set for during an area canvas?

Answer 77

Time parameters are used by area canvass staff to verify the presence of individuals at an address or area, and to interview potential witnesses. Time parameters should be set for: ‑ the offence (i.e. times between which the offence is thought to have occurred) ‑ the scene (i.e. times when people visited the scene) ‑ sightings (i.e. times at which a victim, other witness or offender was seen at particular locations) ‑ previous residents and visitors at the scene ‑ consideration of people's varying work times.

Question 78

What could witnesses have seen at an event?

Answer 78

‑ events connected to an incident under investigation ‑ sightings of the victim or offender before or after the event ‑ sightings of other potential witnesses ‑ sightings of relevant property or vehicles.

Question 79

Can you conduct a canvas discreetly?

Answer 79

In some circumstances it may be necessary to conduct a canvass phase covertly, such as to identify persons who may avoid a particular area if they were aware of police presence. For example, a covert canvass may be used to identify persons attending an area to pick up prostitutes

Question 80

What are the key steps to an area canvas briefing?

Answer 80

1. Summarise the situation and detail the duties and areas of responsibility of each canvass team member 2. Emphasise the need for thoroughness and that every person in every household and visitors must be seen personally. 3. Stress that the questionnaire is only a guide to ensure the questions are asked, but should be regarded as flexible in that information supplied could lead to other questions 4. Advise that evidence of possible probative value must be obtained in a formal written statement rather than notebook form. Note: The questionnaire must be endorsed, if a statement is taken. 5. Consider visiting the canvass area to record every address including flats and vacant sections and then reconcile these premises with the map. 6. Ensure all forms are completed, and actioned as outlined. 7. Reconcile completed locations with the master copy to avoid duplication. 8. Advise staff on: ‑ what action to take if they believe they have identified the suspect ‑ what action to take if they locate items of evidential value ‑ what action to take if individuals refuse to assist ‑ how to complete the correspondence flow ‑ what information can be disclosed during the area canvass (i.e. information in media releases or otherwise already in the public domain) ‑ what information must not be disclosed.

Question 81

Why does the area canvas forms need to be reviewed?

Answer 81

In addition, the OC Area Canvass should continually review completed canvass forms as they are submitted, in order to: ‑ evaluate the quality of completed work and provide quality assurance ‑ identify lines of enquiry to be highlighted to the 2IC ‑ monitor ongoing progress of the canvass ‑ facilitate the detailed recording of progress. A detailed master record of ongoing progress should be continually maintained and updated by the OC Area Canvass, showing: ‑ which addresses have been visited, ‑ which occupants interviewed, ‑ the documentation completed, ‑ and any relevant comments made.

Question 82

What are some points to consider that could improve your area canvas?

Answer 82

- Use of experts (Help alleviate misinterpretation and cultural diversity) - Use of an aide-memoir and script - Leaflets - Other options (Media, poster campaign, mail drop, high profile police presence, using a caravan)

Question 83

What are points to cover when conducting a debrief of an area canvas?

Answer 83

‑ key locations where door to door enquiries have been undertaken ‑ parameters of initial Police activity ‑ what questions were asked and any perceived issues from the respondents ‑ what records have been completed ‑ who has been spoken to at what address ‑ whether personal descriptions been taken of persons seen ‑ whether NIA/Intelligence checks been completed in respect of persons seen ‑ relevant information provided by persons seen ‑ any intelligence obtained ‑ whether persons have a credible alibi ‑ whether witness interviews have been conducted and/or statements taken for persons providing evidence ‑ details/locations of vehicles owned by persons interviewed ‑ details of other persons who live or were present at the premises ‑ identity of any suspects ‑ details of premises where there was no response ‑ confirmation that all notebooks of staff members involved in the area canvass are accounted for ‑ whether any issues arose that could improve future performance in canvass enquiries.

Question 84

What should be covered in Part A of the area canvas forms?

Answer 84

Area canvass staff should complete the Part A form when they first visit an address. One copy of the form is needed for: ‑ each dwelling ‑ each flat or apartment in the case of multiple dwellings on a single property ‑ a vacant dwelling or empty section. The Part A form records the: ‑ street name ‑ house number ‑ flat number ‑ personal details of all residents ‑ personal details of all other people who were visiting the address at the time of the offence ‑ vehicles used by all residents and visitors to the address. The OC Area Canvass retains completed Part A forms.

Question 85

What should be covered in part B of the area canvas form?

Answer 85

The Part B form is the questionnaire used in the investigation. The OC Investigation and the OC Area Canvass decide on the wording in the questionnaire, depending on what they wish to establish. Part B forms are completed, for each person who is interviewed during the canvass. The Part B form records the: ‑ personal details ‑ home details ‑ work details ‑ answers to specific questions. Any evidential information provided by the witness must also be recorded by way of Formal Written Statement. The OC Area Canvass retains completed Part B forms so they can: ‑ check them for information relevant to the enquiry ‑ match up the Part B forms with the relevant Part A forms for that address ‑ tick off the Part A entries to show who has been interviewed.

Question 86

What happens when there are visitors at an address during the time of the incident who are no longer present?

Answer 86

On receipt of a Part A form relating to someone who is no longer in the area, the OC Area Canvass should: ‑ submit a report requesting Police interview the person ‑ attach two copies of a Part B form to that report ‑ give the original report and the two Part B forms to the 2 IC ‑ attach a duplicate of the report to the relevant Part A form as a record of an outstanding enquiry. When the 2IC receives the report, they will pass on the documentation to the relevant Police district for the enquiry to be made. When the out‐of‐area enquiry has been completed, theOC Area Canvass should process the Part B form in the usual manner.

Question 87

What happens if during your canvas you locate someone who has relevant information?

Answer 87

‑ arrange for them to provide a Formal Written Statement, which is provided to the 2IC ‑ record on their Part B form they have made a Formal Written Statement and add a description of the person interviewed. This information is particularly helpful if there are indications the offender lives near the scene of the crime ‑ ensure the witness information is conveyed to theOC Area Canvass and 2IC Investigation as soon as practicable ‑ give the Part B form to the OC Area Canvass.

Question 88

How do you file the Part A and B area canvas forms?

Answer 88

When all enquiries in respect of a particular address have been completed, the OC Area Canvass will: ‑ file Part A and Part B forms together, in numerical and street sequence ‑ send the duplicate Part B form to the File Manager for filing alphabetically, separately from the main file ‑ shade in the area on the area canvass map.

Question 89

What is the purpose of witness management?

Answer 89

‑ identifying and locating witnesses ‑ identifying the risks and needs of a witness to support effective decision‐making in managing them ‑ interviewing witnesses ‑ ensuring on‐going support and safety of witnesses ‑ identifying the means by which the witness will give evidence at Court

Question 90

What are some ways to identify witnesses?

Answer 90

‑ Viewing CCTV ‑ Media releases and appeals ‑ Area canvass ‑ Interviews with victims and other witnesses ‑ Suspect interviews ‑ Anniversary appeals ‑ Road check points. Depending on available resources, initial enquiries might be confined to certain areas, such as within line of sight and earshot of these locations: ‑ Place where the victim was last seen alive ‑ Place where initial contact with suspect took place ‑ Place where victim was assaulted ‑ Murder site ‑ Body deposition site. Consideration may also be given to: ‑ initiating a witness search along the possible access and escape routes from each scene ‑ making enquiries at significant geographical locations proximate to the scene (eg., major foot routes, bus and railway stations)

Question 91

What are the benefits of conducting a prelim from a witness

Answer 91

On some occasions it may be necessary to conduct a prompt, preliminary interview with a witness who possesses information or material that is likely to rapidly progress the investigation, ie. information that may lead to: ‑ early identification or arrest of a suspect ‑ recovery of evidence or information relevant to the offence ‑ prevention of the imminent disposal or destruction of evidence connected to the investigation ‑ prevention of the commission of other offences. During preliminary witness interviews, care must be taken not to contaminate the witness's recall of the events, as they will be formally interviewed at a later stage. The preliminary interview should be: ‑ conducted in accordance with the Police Manual chapter 'Investigative Interviewing Witness Guide' ‑ limited to using appropriate open 'TEDS' questions ie. tell me, explain, describe, show, to establish sufficient information to immediately progress the enquiry ‑ framed to elicit a brief account of the events witnessed, including where and when the event is alleged to have taken place and who was involved or present.

Question 92

What must you consider when you make an assessment of a witness?

Answer 92

‑ whether due to the personal characteristics of the witness or the circumstances of the offending, the witness requires special consideration ‑ availability of the witness ‑ any needs the witness has for special assistance ‑ the optimum approach to be taken with the witness.

Question 93

What should be considered in regard to the appointment of interviewer for witnesses?

Answer 93

The selection of an appropriate interviewer is an important first step in the development of a witness. These issues should be considered: ‑ the level of training of the interviewer: ‑ Interviews of adult witnesses who are considered investigatively important, should be conducted by an accredited level 3 specialist adult witness interviewer, or an accredited level 2 advanced interviewer where no level 3 interviewer is available. ‑ Interviews of witnesses in serious and complex crime investigations, other than those considered investigatively important, should be conducted by an accredited Level 2 advanced interviewer. ‑ A forensic child interviewer should be utilised for any interview of a child or any person suffering from an intellectual impairment. Refer the Police Manual chapters 'Investigative interviewing witness guide', 'Child protection investigation policy and procedures' and 'People with mental impairments' ‑ the experience the officer has in interviewing witnesses in major investigations and any additional skills the interviewer has which may be advantageous in the circumstances ‑ the suitability of the officer to undertake the interview. This should include a consideration of any welfare issues and whether any previous experience that the officer has with the witness is likely to either inhibit or encourage a rapport with the interviewee, or give rise to later challenges of coaching, prompting or offering inducements.

Question 94

What should a witness interview plan cover?

Answer 94

‑ the time and location of the interview ‑ the amount of information to be disclosed to the interviewer ‑ setting interview objectives ‑ supporting the interview, for example, employing an interview monitor ‑ the structure of the interview, i.e. whether the interview will be recorded on video, audio, or written (this will depend on information established about the witness and the offence)

Question 95

What issues need to be assessed after a witness interview?

Answer 95

‑ debriefing the interviewers ‑ identifying any need for supplementary interviews ‑ the assessment of any risk to the witness and identification of any associated steps required to ensure their ongoing support and safety.

Question 96

What are the 7 types of witnesses that aren't 'normal' witnesses?

Answer 96

- Witnesses who decline to be interviewed - Reluctant/uncooperative witnesses - Witnesses requiring protection - Child and young persons - Undercover Police and CHIS - Police witnesses - Alibi witnesses - Alibi witnesses notified under section 22 of the Criminal Disclosure Act 2008 must only be interviewed under the direction of the Crown Solicitor. When particulars of alibi witnesses are notified concerning a matter in respect of which proceedings have been commenced, the investigator must: 1. make enquiries to determine the veracity of the alibi 2. conduct inquiries as directed by theOC Investigation and the Crown Solicitor including NIA checks on the alibi witness 3. forward the results of these enquiries to the Crown Solicitor, including any statements obtained.

Question 97

What is the purpose of O/C Suspects

Answer 97

The OC Suspects is responsible for supervising the members of the Suspects Team for the purpose of: ‑ obtaining information about suspects and persons of interest, as they are identified by the OC Investigation ‑ thoroughly profiling and investigating all suspects and persons of interest to enable the OC Investigation to establish their involvement in the offence or eliminate them from the inquiry ‑ seeking evidence to cover all elements of the offence(s) ‑ mitigating and dealing with possible defences that may be raised, where appropriate ‑ providing a basis for further investigation.

Question 98

What are the three categories for management of suspects?

Answer 98

‑ Identification and profiling. ‑ Arrest/termination. ‑ Interviewing.

Question 99

What should the O/C suspects brief the team on?

Answer 99

‑ the circumstances of the offence including an analysis of the scene and witness evidence available ‑ the full details of all persons of interest and any suspect, where the identity of suspects are known ‑ details of any descriptions of the suspect provided by witnesses (a schedule of descriptions may be prepared to assist) ‑ whether any particular modus operandi/crime signatures have been identified.

Question 100

What aspects determine what order you should interview suspects?

Answer 100

Investigate all suspects thoroughly in order of priority as decided in consultation with the OC Investigation. Aspects that might influence the setting of priorities are the relative weight of evidence against a person or the likelihood of their leaving the area. You may also be influenced by a particular urgency in solving the case or the availability of staff. Suspects must be investigated in order of priority. Where there is no firm line of suspect enquiry, priority should be given to anonymous information, particularly during the early stages of the investigation. Information concerning the suspect's identity must be acted on immediately.

Question 101

How can suspects be identified?

Answer 101

‑ area canvass ‑ intelligence analysis ‑ Police notings linking suspect to relevant area ‑ fingerprints ‑ DNA samples ‑ witness evidence ‑ Police FV teams ‑ CHIS ‑ response to publicity and media reports ‑ other Police employees or groups, such as: ‑ the National Intelligence Centre ‑ Neighbourhood Policing Team ‑ enquiries with external government agencies eg: ‑ CYFS ‑ Correction ‑ Community Probation Service ‑ Customs ‑ Psychiatric Services ‑ enquiries made with non‐government agencies or at particular venues eg: ‑ local ethnic and community groups ‑ hotels and hostels.

Question 102

Who can suspect descriptions be released to?

Answer 102

‑ to members of the search, area canvass and investigation teams, and/or ‑ to the media (via the Media Liaison Officer). The OC Suspects should consider, in consultation with the OC Witnesses, using witness(es) who saw a suspect to complete a FACES sketch. This is a computerised facial identification system used to compile a likeness of an offender from the description supplied by the witness and it should be completed early, while the details are fresh in the witness's mind. An appreciation must be conducted of which witness(es) would be most appropriate to undertake this process. Refer to the Police Manual chapter 'FACES (Compusketch) facial identification system'.

Question 103

How do you utilise photographs of clothing of suspects?

Answer 103

‑ for release to the media ‑ to be used by investigators during an area canvass ‑ in the conduct of suspect enquiries. The potential benefits of the additional information which may be generated must be weighed against the risk that publicising the item may cause the suspect to react by disposing of it, thus depriving the investigation from the opportunity to obtain this evidence.

Question 104

Who can photoboards be created for?

Answer 104

A photograph board should be set up displaying photographs and details of suspects whom you: ‑ have interviewed, or ‑ wish to interview. You may want to set this up in a caravan in the area of the crime or in the Investigation Headquarters. Photographs should be obtained from Police NIA records or generated by enquiries where they are not held on file. Where the suspect is not known, a FACES picture drawn from witness descriptions may be used.

Question 105

What enquires should you consider in regard to a suspects address?

Answer 105

‑ NIA enquiries ‑ enquiries with the local council to identify the property owner ‑ conducting a reconnaissance of the area ‑ monitoring the address through surveillance ‑ taking photographs of any persons and vehicles as they enter or leave the premises ‑ monitoring use of the suspect's telephone via a Production Order pursuant to section 74 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 or a surveillance device (interception) warrant pursuant to section 53 of the same Act. Refer to Police Manual chapter 'Electronic Interception'. ‑ enquiries with the local authority and utility providers (e.g. electricity, gas, water, sky television) to identify who lives at that address. Such information is normally ordered under a Production Order pursuant to section 74 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012. Where appropriate it can also be requested under the following legislation: ‑ section 10 of the Local Government Official Information & Meetings Act 1987 ‑ with private companies, section 12 of the Official Information Act 1982 ‑ section 22 (Principle 11) of the Privacy Act 2020.

Question 106

What is a TIE enquiry

Answer 106

In attempting to identify the offender, the OC Investigation may use a method of identifying the types of groups that may contain the offender (known as TIE categories). A TIE category is created by selecting a common characteristic shared by a group of people, which may include the offender. These group characteristics will depend on the circumstances of the crime but examples might include persons related to or associated with the victim, persons in the vicinity of the scene at the time of the offence or with access to the scene at the time of the offence. The suspect team must conduct elimination enquiries by tracing and interviewing persons who populate these TIE categories, and where possible, eliminating them against a set of elimination criteria determined by the OC Investigation. The OC Suspects must be familiar with the TIE system and should refer to the 'Elimination process' section of 'Part 2 ‐ Role of the OC Investigation in homicide and serious crime investigations'.

Question 107

What should be researched in regard to suspects?

Answer 107

Research should aim to collect all available information and attempt to establish or find: ‑ the names and aliases used by the suspect ‑ the suspect's previous criminal history, convictions and modus operandi ‑ places of residence, work and any other premises the suspect has access to ‑ details of vehicles owned, used or that the suspect has access to and their pattern of movements through Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) data, where available ‑ details of all landline and cellular telephones used by the suspect ‑ a full description of the suspect ‑ a recent photograph of the suspect ‑ medical records ‑ licence details held for firearms ‑ whether the suspect has any access to firearms ‑ details of accounts held or used by the suspect, e.g. email, social media etc ‑ offender reports from previous occasions ‑ intelligence noting forms of previous sightings by Police ‑ employment details and attendance record ‑ the suspect's lifestyle, associates and places frequented ‑ movements of the suspect ‑ marital status, and details of any spouse or family members ‑ names and details of known associates ‑ any intelligence suggesting that the suspect may have committed other offences ‑ intelligence that will enhance rapport building and the interview process.

Question 108

What are passive data generators that could collate information on suspects?

Answer 108

‑ financial information/bank records ‑ CCTV and other images ‑ personal computer information ‑ telecommunications information ‑ voice‐recording systems ‑ customer information, including subscriber information ‑ access/door security systems ‑ tachographs ‑ vehicle GPS ‑ toll records ‑ cellular telephones ‑ Internet websites including social network sites, e.g. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube etc

Question 109

What must the O/C suspects consult with O/C investigation prior to termination?

Answer 109

Before any arrest/termination, the OC Suspects must consult the OC Investigation regarding an arrest strategy, to ensure: ‑ an investigator is appointed to be responsible for each suspect. Where practicable, these appointments will be made at an earlier stage so those appointed can adequately prepare for the interview ‑ the decision to prosecute, choice of charges and prosecution processes are conducted in accordance with theSolicitor‐ General's Prosecution Guidelines ‑ clarity on the position to be taken by Police on the question of bail ‑ authority to engage the Crown Solicitor is obtained from the Police Prosecutions Service, where appropriate ‑ the family of the deceased are updated via the Family Liaison Officer ‑ prompt preparation of the prosecution file ‑ compliance by the Disclosure Manager, or File Manager where one is not appointed, with the requirements pursuant to the Criminal Disclosure Act 2008, and that the agreed processes are actively monitored ‐ refer to the 'Criminal disclosure' chapter of the Police Manual.

Question 110

What should the O/C suspect do when preparing to interview a suspect?

Answer 110

‑ liaise with the OC Investigation regarding selection of the interviewer, including whether a Level 2 or Level 3 trained interviewer should be used ‑ consult with the OC Investigation regarding the most appropriate mode of recording the interview, usually on video ‑ establish, in consultation with the OC Investigation, the status of the person as a witness, person of interest or suspect. This status will determine whether the interview is to be conducted under caution and the interviewee advised of their rights ‑ consider whether the person requires special consideration, for example due to linguistic, cultural, or religious factors, or medical condition, impairment or disability. Refer to 'Interviewing special consideration suspects' ‑ consult with other interviewing experts or legal advisor, if required ‑ ensure the interviewer is fully briefed ‑ ensure the interviewer is familiar with the procedures outlined in the Investigative interviewing suspect guide ‑ discuss with the interviewer the elements that need to be established, the suspect's background, and possible alibis and motives ‑ ensure that the interviewer has prepared a detailed interview plan. Refer to the Police Manual chapter 'Investigative interviewing suspect guide' under 'Planning and preparation'.

Question 111

What must the O/C suspect do during an interview of a suspect?

Answer 111

‑ the interview is conducted in accordance with the 'Investigative interviewing suspect guide' ‑ the interview is monitored by a supervisor or experienced Detective to ensure that all key points and areas are covered ‑ ensure an explanation is sought from the suspect in relation to any exhibits found.

Question 112

What should the O/C suspects do after an arrest is made?

Answer 112

‑ ensure suspects are isolated from each other, where there is more than one suspect ‑ ensure that each suspect arrested is advised of their rights in accordance with the Bill of Rights Act 1990 ‑ in the case of a juvenile suspect, consider and address Police obligations under the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989 ‑ consider executing a search for evidence of the suspect's person, vehicle, home and workplace. Ensure any search of the person of a suspect or their belongings is conducted under a legal authority i.e. a warrantless search pursuant to the Search and Surveillance Act 2012 if appropriate, or under search warrant. Refer to 'Executing Search Warrants' in this part.

Question 113

What must the Police doctor do when examining a suspect?

Answer 113

‑ note any injuries, such as scratches or bruises ‑ take samples identified as necessary by theOC Investigation using a specialist Medical Examination Kit, including: ‑ blood ‑ saliva ‑ head hair ‑ pubic and body hair, if relevant ‑ fingernail scrapings ‑ swabs of the suspect's hands or other relevant areas ‑ swab the suspect's hands for firearms residue using a specialist Firearms Detection Kit, as soon as possible where a firearm has been involved in an offence. Such residue may persist on the hands or clothing of a suspect for up to three hours. Refer to the Police Manual chapter 'Firearm Discharge Residues'. ‑ provide a professional opinion regarding the condition of the suspect.

Question 114

Can you do a medical exam by force?

Answer 114

Where a suspect refuses to allow a search to be conducted under section 88 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012, for evidential material that is reasonably believed to be on the outside of the suspect's body (e.g. firearm discharge residue on the suspect's hands or the victim's DNA on the suspect's penis), then reasonable force may be used to conduct the search. The process and criteria that must be met to conduct a strip search of a suspect are outlined in the Police Manual chapter 'Search', Part 8 ‐ 'Searching People'.

Question 115

What should you do to obtain identifying details from a suspect?

Answer 115

To confirm the identity of the suspect: ‑ obtain from the suspect: fingerprints, footprints, palm prints, and blood for DNA analysis (refer to the Police Manual chapter 'DNA Sampling' ‑ arrange photographs of the suspect. Where such photographs were not taken during the medical examination, include photographs of: ‑ the suspect's front face and profile ‑ the suspect's full body length, from the front and the side ‑ any injuries ‑ any distinctive, visible identifying features, such as tattoos or scars ‑ obtain samples of the suspect's handwriting, where relevant ‑ record a physical description of the suspect ‑ record details for the offender report.

Question 116

What documentation must be completed after a suspect has been arrested?

Answer 116

‑ NIA entry. ‑ Message to the Deputy Commissioner: Operations by completing an update on the Serious Incident Report database. ‑ Cancellation of NIA 'wanted' references.

Question 117

What must be in the report when you are dealing a psychiatric assessment?

Answer 117

Where a Court order is made to remand the suspect for psychiatric assessment, the Court must receive the evidence of two health assessors as to whether the defendant is mentally impaired ‐ section 14 of the Criminal Procedure (Mentally Impaired Persons) Act 2003 refers. A report must be sent to the Court Registrar or, with the Registrar's permission, to the superintendent of a psychiatric hospital or penal institution, describing: ‑ the circumstances of the arrest ‑ a summary of the offence with which the suspect is charged ‑ the suspect's previous criminal history ‑ the suspect's previous mental history ‑ the symptoms and duration of the suspect's current mental illness, if applicable. The OC Investigation may direct the OC Suspects or the 2IC to complete this report.

Question 118

What must the O/C suspect do when investigating alibis for a suspect?

Answer 118

In investigating any alibi offered, the OC Suspects must: ‑ make enquiries of people other than the persons whose particulars have been supplied to confirm or rebut evidence in support of the alibi ‑ complete enquiries to establish where the suspect was at the time of the offence, who they were with and what they were doing ‑ wherever possible, corroboration of the alibi provided by the suspect should be sought from forensic or other sources that are independent of the suspect.

Question 119

What is an exhibit?

Answer 119

An exhibit is any item which comes into the possession of Police during the course of an investigation, whether or not it is eventually tendered in formal evidence. Exhibits will come to the attention of Police in a variety of forms and by diverse means. Whether they are physical, documentary or biological the need for consistency in how they are managed is critical to ensure the integrity of exhibits is maintained. The relevance of an exhibit is not always understood at the time of recovery and may only become apparent as the enquiry progresses. The OC Investigation should ensure that regardless of how, when or what is seized, the exhibit is managed in line with approved protocols, providing integrity and accountability. To assist in this process it will be necessary to appoint a dedicated Officer in Charge of Exhibits (OC Exhibits).

Question 120

What previous experience should O/C exhibits have?

Answer 120

. In a homicide investigation it is recommended that the OC Exhibits is a qualified Detective, preferably with previous experience in: ‑ mass exhibit handling ‑ forensic principles ‑ methods of exhibit recovery ‑ approved procedures for packaging and security of evidence ‑ managing contamination and cross‐contamination issues ‑ use of standardised documentation as contained in in the Investigation Management Tool (IMT) application or the Police Register of Property (PROP) application.

Question 121

What is the purpose of O/C exhibits?

Answer 121

During any investigation, theOC Exhibits is responsible for establishing and maintaining exhibit management systems and for maintaining the physical security and continuity of all exhibits. Their duties will culminate in the provision of an accurately recorded exhibit package and the availability of exhibits as required throughout the Court process.

Question 122

What must O/C exhibits update O/C investigation on?

Answer 122

‑ what exhibits have been found, and their movements ‑ the results of any exhibit examinations ‑ whether any further enquiries are required.

Question 123

When can O/C exhibits accept an exhibit?

Answer 123

‑ the exhibit label contains the exhibit number and the name of the operation. Other details such as a description of the item, the details of the person finding it, the time, date and location are recorded in the Investigation Management Tool (IMT) application or the Police Register of Property (PROP) application. ‑ the property is correctly packaged and sealed, and the exhibit label is visible and secured on the outside of the package ‑ any prompt action necessary to preserve the exhibit has been taken, for example, drying wet or bloodstained clothing in an appropriate drying facility. The OC Scene, OC Exhibits and where necessary ESR should be consulted as necessary. For guidance, refer to Crime scenes and forensics.

Question 124

What is a forensic strategy meeting and what topics do they cover?

Answer 124

Forensic Strategy meetings are held to determine which exhibit or other forensic examinations are required and the priority of those examinations. Those attending Forensic Strategy meetings include theOC Investigation, 2IC, OC Exhibits, Crime Scene Co‐ordinator/OC Scene, and anyone else deemed necessary by the OC Investigation. This may include the pathologist, forensic scientist (ESR), Fingerprint Officer, Scene of Crime Officer (SOCO), OC Body and other relevant experts. Early involvement of forensic specialists will ensure exhibits are protected and that the maximum potential forensic evidence and intelligence are recovered from them. Topics covered during a Forensic Strategy meeting may include: ‑ What examinations ESR and others could conduct on exhibits. ‑ The priority each examination should receive. ‑ Whether any further work is needed to assist a reconstruction. ‑ A plan for any work to be completed that is required to assist the reconstruction. ‑ An agreed reconstruction of the events relevant to the crime under investigation.

Question 125

What are the steps for forwarding a exhibit for examination?

Answer 125

1. Ensure exhibit examination decisions are confirmed through the Forensic Strategy meeting process. 2. Record in the Investigation Management Tool (IMT) application or the Police Register of Property (PROP) application all decisions taken about the types of examinations to be conducted and the priority allocated to each examination. 3. Ensure the OC Investigation has authorised the proposed examination. 4. Prepare the necessary papers for theESR or other expert, for example the Police 143 forms. 5. Ensure any exhibits identified for forensic examination are prepared before being delivered, specifically: ‑ all items are separately wrapped ‑ all parcels are sealed ‑ all items or their packages are labelled and numbered ‑ a list of all items is attached to the Police Form 143 ‑ the Police Form 143 is consistent with the labels on the items ‑ items are in an appropriate condition, for example, clothing is dry and blood samples are refrigerated. The OC Exhibits must ensure the Police Form 143 contains sufficient information, including: ‑ brief circumstances of the case ‑ purpose(s) of the examination ‑ location where each item originates from e.g. from a particular scene, victim, witness or suspect ‑ whether any exhibits are damp or require special attention ‑ authorisation by the appropriate supervisor. 6. Deliver exhibits for scientific examination promptly to avoid deterioration and loss of evidence. 7. Inform the expert undertaking a scientific examination if it is no longer required.

Question 126

What is the O/C exhibits role when preparing for a trial?

Answer 126

Before the commencement of the trial, theOC Investigation (in conjunction with the OC Exhibits and other relevant investigation team members) must decide which exhibits are considered relevant, determine the significance of any forensic examinations and establish the most appropriate manner in which exhibits and examination results are to be presented at trial. The OC Exhibits is responsible for arranging the transportation of exhibits to and from Court, for their security at the venue and for their production, as directed by the Prosecutor.

Question 127

What is the O/C exhibits role after a trial?

Answer 127

Following the trial and after the expiry of the appeal period, theOC Exhibits should return all exhibits to the Police secure exhibit storage area. The OC Investigation will determine which items should be retained and the method of disposal of others. In high‐profile homicide or serious crime trials, care should be taken with the disposal of exhibits which may possibly be subject to further judicial review. The OC Exhibits must liaise with the OC Investigation and the Crown prior to any decision being made as to the disposal of exhibits in such trials. It is better to err on the side of caution (and retain the exhibits) than dispose of them immediately. The OC Exhibits should dispose of the exhibits as directed and prepare and submit a report of exhibit disposal to the 2IC. The report should include appropriate receipts for all exhibits that have been returned and certificates of destruction for others. Exhibits seized pursuant to a Production Order or Search Warrant must be disposed of in accordance with sections 150 and 151 of the Search and Surveillance Act 2012.

Question 128

How does the O/C exhibits produce exhibits in Court?

Answer 128

The OC Exhibits is responsible for preparing the exhibits for production at Court. This must be conducted in a manner which: ‑ clearly demonstrates the evidential value of the exhibits, e.g. by mounting clothes on a mannequin or board ‑ avoids any risk of physical injury, disease, accident, contamination or damage. Prosecutions of serious crimes normally involve significant numbers of exhibits. Therefore a schedule of Court exhibits should be prepared which will itself become an exhibit. This schedule is a valuable asset to the OC Exhibits as well as to all other parties involved in the hearing as it enables them to follow the history of individual exhibits.

Question 129

What must be able to be determined for chain of custody?

Answer 129

‑ when they received custody of the exhibit and from whom ‑ where and how the exhibit was securely stored ‑ when, why and how the exhibit was moved from one place to another ‑ how the exhibit has been treated, safeguarded and preserved ‑ when and why they transferred custody of an exhibit to another person, and to whom. This is called maintaining the 'chain of evidence'.

Question 130

What is cross contamination?

Answer 130

Trace evidence, e.g. hair, fibres, paint, and blood is readily transferred from one item to another. Trace evidence that attached itself to a significant exhibit during the commission of the crime, becomes significant evidence when it is found. However if the evidence could have been transferred to the exhibit via a third party during the course of the investigation, this represents potential cross‐ contamination. Advances in the field of DNA examination mean that minute amounts of material can be a potential source of DNA. Although the risk of cross‐contamination of DNA from scene to scene is unlikely, it is often a live issue at trial. Any potential for cross‐contamination must therefore be eliminated by conducting an appreciation and applying stringent standard practices throughout the investigation. The movement of all exhibits must be recorded throughout the duration of the investigation, even when items are transferred between different units within the Police, including exhibits recovered by crime scene examiners e.g. fingerprint lifts, articles for chemical treatment and trace evidence.

Question 131

What is exhibit numbering?

Answer 131

Any exhibit located must be assigned an individual exhibit number. This number must be unique, clearly identifiable with that particular exhibit and recorded on the exhibit label Scene Schedule, and Exhibit Register. The numbering system used should be determined at the earliest opportunity by the OC Exhibits, in consultation with the Crime Scene Co‐ordinator/OC Scene and others e.g. the 2IC. This system must be explained to all investigative staff. Purpose The exhibit numbering system should be simple, efficient and provide the following key attributes: ‑ be consistent ‑ allow delegation of exhibit numbers to staff who will utilise them ‑ cope with multiple scenes ‑ be compatible with technology, allowing searching to be conducted using exhibit numbers ‑ encompass all exhibits, e.g. Medical Examination Kits (MEKs), documents, reference blood samples and photographs sent to ESR.