Modules 11-13

Question 1

lesion

Answer 1

tissue destruction in brain, naturally or experimentally caused (animal tested)

Question 2

optogenetics

Answer 2

uses light to control the activity of neurons

Question 3

stimulate

Answer 3

electrically, chemically, and magnetically to note the effect

Question 4

EEG

Answer 4

electroencephalogram

electrodes placed on scalp, amplified redout of such wave in the brain

funcion = active

Question 5

MEG

Answer 5

magnetoencephalography

measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electric activity

not as powerful as PET

function = active

Question 6

CT

Answer 6

computed tomography

examines the brain by taking X-ray photographs that can reveal brain damage

sliced images

Question 7

PET scan

Answer 7

positron emission tomography

visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

Question 8

MRI

Answer 8

magnetic resonance imaging

magnetic fields and radio waves that produce computer generated images of soft tissue, show brain anatomy

structure: how is it?

Question 9

fMRI

Answer 9

functional MRI

reveal the brain’s function and structure using blood flow, expensive to use

MRI + PET scan abilities

Question 10

brainstem

Answer 10

oldest and innermost region, automatic survival functions

Question 11

medulla

Answer 11

base of the brainstem at slight swelling of spinal cord that controls heartbeat and breathing

Question 12

thalamus

Answer 12

sensory control center, recieves info from all senses but smell

relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex

Question 13

reticular formation

Answer 13

controls arousal, nerve network travels up brainstem and into thalamus

Question 14

cerebellum

Answer 14

processes sensory input, motor output, and nonverbal learning/memory

voluntary movement/balance, muscle memory

Question 15

limbic system

Answer 15

emotions and drives in neural system below cerebral hemisphere (including hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala)

Question 16

amygdala

Answer 16

emotion, fear, aggression

2 bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps govern endocrine system with pituitary gland, linked to emotion/reward, below thalamus

Question 18

hippocampus

Answer 18

processes storage explicit (conscious) memories of facts and events, neural center in limbic system

Question 19

corpus callosum

Answer 19

axon fibers connecting two cerebral hemispheres

Question 20

pituitary

Answer 20

master endocrine gland

Question 21

pons

Answer 21

helps coordinate movement and control sleep, above medulla

Question 22

cerebral cortex

Answer 22

thin surface layer of interconnected cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; ultimate control and info-processing center

Question 23

glial cells (glia)

Answer 23

cells in nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; thinking and learning (glue cells)

Question 24

cerebrum

Answer 24

hemispheres that make up 85% of brains weight; enables perceiving, thinking, speaking

Question 25

frontal lobe

Answer 25

front of brain behind the forehead, speaking and muscle movements, making plans and judgements

Question 26

parietal lobes

Answer 26

top of the brain towards the back, receives sensory input for touch and body position

Question 27

occipital lobe

Answer 27

back of the head, receives information from visual fields

Question 28

temporal lobe

Answer 28

front of head, above ears, receives auditory info from the opposite ear

Question 29

motor cortex

Answer 29

rear of the frontal lobe that controls voluntary movement

Question 30

somatosensory cortex

Answer 30

front of the parietal lobes that registers and process body touch and movement sensations

Question 31

association areas

Answer 31

areas of cerebral cortex involved in learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

Question 32

prefrontal cortex

Answer 32

forward part of frontal lobes include judgment, planning, and processing new memories

Question 33

plasticity

Answer 33

ability to modify itself after damage, especially during childhood; reorganizing after damage or building new pathways based on experience

Question 34

neurogenesis

Answer 34

formation of new neurons

Question 35

split brain

Answer 35

condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them (mainly corpus callosum)

Question 36

perceptual tasks

Answer 36

brain waves, blood flow, glucose consumption

Question 37

left hemisphere

Answer 37

quick, literal interpretations of language

Question 38

right hemisphere

Answer 38

excels in making inferences, moderate speech, orchestrate sense of self

Question 39

right-left difference preop

Answer 39

injects senative to artery of left hemisphere, right arm falls limp and speechlessness occurs injects senative to right hemisphere artery and left side goes limp but speech remains

Question 40

consciousness

Answer 40

awareness of ourselves and environment

Question 41

cognitive neuroscience

Answer 41

study of the brain activity linked with mental processes

Question 42

dual processing

Answer 42

info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Question 43

blindsight

Answer 43

the ability to respond to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving them