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AP Psychology > Modules 14-16 > Flashcards

Modules 14-16 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavior genetics

A

study of the relative power and limits of genetic/environmental influences on behavior

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2
Q

Heredity

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

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3
Q

Environment

A

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal influence to the people and things around us

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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5
Q

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)

A

complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

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6
Q

Genes

A

biochemical units of hereditary that makes up chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

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7
Q

Genome

A

complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

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8
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two; creating two genetically identical organisms

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9
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we an attribute to genes; heritability of a trait may vary on range of population and studied environments

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10
Q

Interaction

A

interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (ex: environment) depends on another factor (ex: heredity)

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11
Q

Molecular genetics

A

subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

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12
Q

Molecular behavior genetics

A

study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

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13
Q

Epigenetics

A

“above” or “in addition to” (epi)

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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14
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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15
Q

Natural selection

A

principle that inherited traits that better enables an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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16
Q

Mutation

A

random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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17
Q

Social script

A

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

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18
Q

Protein molecules

A

the body’s building blocks

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19
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes

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20
Q

Consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and our environment

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21
Q

Dual processing

A

part of awareness that goes on in our two-tracked minds

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22
Q

Selective attention

A

directs spotlight on awareness

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23
Q

“Stream of Consciousness”

A

each moment flowing into the next

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24
Q

States of consciousness

A

sleeping, waking, various altered states (daydreaming and meditating)

25
Q

Hypnosis

A

hypnotic induction, response to hypnotist’s suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

26
Q

Hypnotic ability

A

ability to focus attention totally on a task, absorbed in it, entertain possibilities

27
Q

Hypnotherapists

A

help patients harness their own healing powers

28
Q

Posthypnotic suggestions

A

helped alleviate headaches, astha, and stress-related skin disorders

29
Q

Influence theory of hypnosis

A

hypnotic phenomena reflect such workings of normal consciousness and power of social influence

30
Q

Dissociation

A

split between different levels of consciousness, thoughts, and behaviours occur simultaneously with others

31
Q

Stroop effect

A

say the color of the letters (RED written with blue marker would be “blue”)

32
Q

Divided-consciousness theory

A

hypnosis has caused a split in awareness

33
Q

Social influence theory

A

subject is so caught up in hypnotized role that they ignore reality (being cold, etc.)

34
Q

Biological influences

A

distinctive brain activity, unconscious info processing

35
Q

Psychological influence

A

focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation

36
Q

Social-culture influence

A

presence of authoritative person in legitimate control, role playing “good subject”

37
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

24-hour cycle of day and night by an internal biological clock

38
Q

Evey 90 minutes

A

cycle through sleep stages

39
Q

When parts of the brain’s cortex stop communicating

A

consciousness fades

40
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement during sleep, vivid dreams, (paradoxical sleep) muscles are relaxed

41
Q

Alpha waves

A

awake but relaxed state

42
Q

Sleep

A

natural loss of consciousness (coma, anesthesia, hibernation)

43
Q

non-REM stage 1

A

slowed breathing, irregular brain waves

44
Q

Hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences, fantastic images

45
Q

Delta waves

A

large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep, hard to wake

46
Q

NREM sleep

A

non-rapid eye movement sleep, all sleep stages except for REM sleep, sleep drive

47
Q

NREM 2

A

about half the night

48
Q

Motor cortex in sleep

A

active during REM sleep but messages blocked by brainstem

49
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

immobility may occasionally linger after waking

50
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

pair of cell clusters in hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm, light causes SCN to adjust melatonin in pineal gland

51
Q

Melatonin

A

sleep inducing hormones

52
Q

Free radicals

A

molecules that are toxic to neurons

53
Q

Sleep Theories

A

protects, recuperates, restores, produces creativity, supports growth

54
Q

Sleep protects

A

out of harms way

55
Q

Recuperates

A

restores and repairs brain tissue

56
Q

Restore

A

rebuilds fading memories from the day, strengthens and stabilizes neural memory traces

57
Q

Creative thinking

A

dreams inspire literary, artistic, and scientific achievements

58
Q

Supports growth

A

pituitary gland releases growth hormone

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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