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AP Psychology > Modules 14-16 > Flashcards

Modules 14-16 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavior genetics

A

study of the relative power and limits of genetic/environmental influences on behavior

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2
Q

Heredity

A

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

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3
Q

Environment

A

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal influence to the people and things around us

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

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5
Q

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)

A

complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

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6
Q

Genes

A

biochemical units of hereditary that makes up chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

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7
Q

Genome

A

complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

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8
Q

Identical (monozygotic) twins

A

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two; creating two genetically identical organisms

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9
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we an attribute to genes; heritability of a trait may vary on range of population and studied environments

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10
Q

Interaction

A

interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (ex: environment) depends on another factor (ex: heredity)

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11
Q

Molecular genetics

A

subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

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12
Q

Molecular behavior genetics

A

study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior

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13
Q

Epigenetics

A

“above” or “in addition to” (epi)

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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14
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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15
Q

Natural selection

A

principle that inherited traits that better enables an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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16
Q

Mutation

A

random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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17
Q

Social script

A

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

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18
Q

Protein molecules

A

the body’s building blocks

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19
Q

Cognition

A

mental processes

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20
Q

Consciousness

A

awareness of ourselves and our environment

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21
Q

Dual processing

A

part of awareness that goes on in our two-tracked minds

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22
Q

Selective attention

A

directs spotlight on awareness

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23
Q

“Stream of Consciousness”

A

each moment flowing into the next

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24
Q

States of consciousness

A

sleeping, waking, various altered states (daydreaming and meditating)

25
Hypnosis
hypnotic induction, response to hypnotist's suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
26
Hypnotic ability
ability to focus attention totally on a task, absorbed in it, entertain possibilities
27
Hypnotherapists
help patients harness their own healing powers
28
Posthypnotic suggestions
helped alleviate headaches, astha, and stress-related skin disorders
29
Influence theory of hypnosis
hypnotic phenomena reflect such workings of normal consciousness and power of social influence
30
Dissociation
split between different levels of consciousness, thoughts, and behaviours occur simultaneously with others
31
Stroop effect
say the color of the letters (RED written with blue marker would be "blue")
32
Divided-consciousness theory
hypnosis has caused a split in awareness
33
Social influence theory
subject is so caught up in hypnotized role that they ignore reality (being cold, etc.)
34
Biological influences
distinctive brain activity, unconscious info processing
35
Psychological influence
focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation
36
Social-culture influence
presence of authoritative person in legitimate control, role playing "good subject"
37
Circadian rhythm
24-hour cycle of day and night by an internal biological clock
38
Evey 90 minutes
cycle through sleep stages
39
When parts of the brain's cortex stop communicating
consciousness fades
40
REM sleep
rapid eye movement during sleep, vivid dreams, (paradoxical sleep) muscles are relaxed
41
Alpha waves
awake but relaxed state
42
Sleep
natural loss of consciousness (coma, anesthesia, hibernation)
43
non-REM stage 1
slowed breathing, irregular brain waves
44
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, fantastic images
45
Delta waves
large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep, hard to wake
46
NREM sleep
non-rapid eye movement sleep, all sleep stages except for REM sleep, sleep drive
47
NREM 2
about half the night
48
Motor cortex in sleep
active during REM sleep but messages blocked by brainstem
49
Sleep paralysis
immobility may occasionally linger after waking
50
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
pair of cell clusters in hypothalamus that control circadian rhythm, light causes SCN to adjust melatonin in pineal gland
51
Melatonin
sleep inducing hormones
52
Free radicals
molecules that are toxic to neurons
53
Sleep Theories
protects, recuperates, restores, produces creativity, supports growth
54
Sleep protects
out of harms way
55
Recuperates
restores and repairs brain tissue
56
Restore
rebuilds fading memories from the day, strengthens and stabilizes neural memory traces
57
Creative thinking
dreams inspire literary, artistic, and scientific achievements
58
Supports growth
pituitary gland releases growth hormone

AP Psychology (5 decks)

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