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Molbio Lec Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Organisms contain genetic material that governs an individual is characteristics and is transferred from progeny to parent

A

False: parent to progeny

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2
Q

It is the genetic material of all living organisms and some viruses

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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3
Q

It is the genetic material of certain viruses

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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4
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the DNA is may be double-or-single stranded DNA or RNA, where as viruses the genetic material is always double stranded

A

FALSE: In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the DNA is always double stranded, where as viruses the genetic material may be double-or-single stranded DNA or RNA

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5
Q

Four nitrogen bases of DNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

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6
Q

Four nitrogen bases of RNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

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7
Q

These are the units of measure for nucleic acids

A

Nt/bp

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8
Q

It is the unit of length for single-stranded nucleic acids

A

nt

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9
Q

It is the unit of length for double-stranded nucleic acids

A

Base pairs (bp)

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10
Q

Three major types of DNA

A

Right handed A- DNA
Right handed B- DNA
Left handed Z- DNA

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11
Q

It is a macromolecule made of nucleotides bound together by the phosphate and hydroxyl groups on their sugars

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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12
Q

Are the products of transcription and translation of the nucleic acids

A

PROTEINS

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13
Q

Is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses

A

DNA

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14
Q

3 components of DNA

A

Deoxyribose (a pentose sugar)
Base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine)
Phosphate

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15
Q

4 different levels of DNA

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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16
Q

Nucleoside + phosphate =?

A

Nucleotide

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17
Q

What are the purine nucleosides?

A

Adenosine
Guanosine

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18
Q

Pyrimidine nucleosides

A

Cytidine
Uridine

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19
Q

This type of DNA is biologically the most common

A

B-DNA

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20
Q

The ideal B-DNA has ___ base pairs per turn ( _____ rotation of helix)

A

10 base pairs; 360 degrees

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21
Q

Base pairs of B-DNA are _____ nm apart

A

0.34 nm

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22
Q

Minor groove is narrow, shallow
Major groove is wide, deep

A

B- DNA

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23
Q

This type of DNA is the most stable

A

B-DNA

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24
Q

This structure exists when plenty of water surrounds molecule

A

B-DNA

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25
Wider and flatter than B-DNA
A-DNA
26
11 base pairs per turn
A-DNA
27
Minor groove: broad shallow Major groove: Narrow and deep
A- DNA
28
Observed when less water is present
A-DNA
29
A-DNA has been observed in two context:
1. Active site of DNA polymerase (~3bp) 2. Gram (+) bacteria undergoing sporulation
30
Seen in high salt concentrations
Z-DNA
31
12 base pairs per turn
Z-DNA
32
Minor groove: deep Major groove: none
Z-DNA
33
Distance between adjacent base of A-DNA
0.23 nm
34
Distance between adjacent bases of Z-DNA
0.38 nm
35
Is a polymer of ribonucleotides linked together by phosphodiester linkage
RNA
36
3 main component of RNA
Phosphate group Sugar ( ribose) Nitrogenous base
37
It is made of a 6 member ring, fused to a 5 member ring
Purines
38
What are the purines
Adenine Guanine
39
Made of a 6 member ring
Pyrimidine
40
What are the pyrimidine in RNA
Cytosine Uracil
41
True or False: Adenine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with Uracil. Similarly, Guanine is bonded with Cytosine with 2 hydrogen bonds
False: Adenine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with Uracil. Similarly, Guanine is bonded with Cytosine with 3 hydrogen bonds
42
Key activator of innate immune response
Double stranded RNA (dsRNA)
43
These are regions held together by hydrogen bonds
Complementary regions
44
This region have bases projecting away from double stranded regions
Non complementary regions
45
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA
46
The 5’ terminal end is capped by 7-methyl guanosine triphosphate cap
Messenger RNA
47
It stabilizes mRNA by protecting it from 5’ exonuclease
MRNA
48
Messenger RNA: The ____ is involved in the recognition of mRNA
Cap
49
Messenger RNA: The ____ prevents the attack by 3’ exonucleases
The tail
50
It is the smallest RNA
Transfer RNA (t-RNA)
51
They have 74-95 nucleotide residues
Transfer RNA
52
Transfer RNA: they transfer the amino acids from ___ cytoplasm to the protein synthesizing machinery
Cytoplasm
53
TransferRNA are also called _____ is the only RNA species that contains the ______
Adapter molecules tRNA; nucleoside thymidine
54
What kind of structure is that The nucleotide sequence of all the tRNA molecules allows extensive intrasand complementarity that generates a secondary structure
Primary structure
55
This type of structure: each single tRNA shows extensive internal base pairing and acquires a clover leaf like structure
Secondary structure
56
What are under the secondary structure
Acceptor arm Anticodon arm
57
The L shaped tertiary structure is formed by further folding of the clover leaf due to hydrogen bonds between _____ and _____ arms
T and D ARMS
58
Is the RNA component of the ribosome
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid
59
Tertiary structure of trna constitutes the predominant material within the ribosome, which is approximately ____ and _____ by weight
60% rRNA 40% PROTEIN
60
The ribosomal RNAs form two subunits, the ____ and ______
Large subunit Small subunit
61
This type of subunit acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing _____
LSU; peptide bond formation
62
Major types of small RNA molecules
Small nuclear RNA Small nucleolar RNA Micro RNA and short interfering RNA
63
THIS TYPE OF SMALL RNA IS INVOLVED IN MRNA SPLICING
Small nuclear RNA
64
This type of small RNA molecule directs the modification of ribosomal RNAs
Small nucleolar RNA (SNORNA)
65
This type of small RNA molecule regulates gene expression
Micro RNA and short interfering RNA
66
Anticancer drugs
5-bromouridine (5BrdU) Cytosine arabinoside (ara-C)
67
Antiviral therapy
HIV-AIDS (retrovir, AZT) HERPES AND VARICELLA ACYCLOVIR, ZOVIRAX
68
It is an organic chemical compound related to another by substitution of atoms with other groups
Analogue
69
Are prepared by altering the base ring or sugar moeity
Nucleotide analogues
70
Anti-tumor agents used in chemotherapy - interfere with the synthesis of DNA and thereby preferentially kill rapidly dividing cells such as tumor cell
6-mercaptopurine 5-fluorouracil
71
Anti-viral drugs
AZT (azidothymidine or zidovudine) - HIVE Lamivudine ____ hepatitis b
72
Is a structural analogue of hypoxanthine is used to treat gout
Allopurinol
73
The drug is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase which converts hypoxanthine to uric acid
Allopurinol
74
Biomedical importance of nucleotides
Metabolic regulators such as cAMP CTP and UTP are used in the production of biomolecules Synthetic analogues used in medicine
75
The genetic material of prokaryotes is ___
Double stranded DNA
76
The complete set of metaphase chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell is
Karyotype
77
True or false: the histones are constant from cell to cell within an organism, whereas non histones vary significantly between cell types
True
78
True or false: the more condensed a region of a chromosome is, the less likely it is that the genes in that regions will be active
True
79
True or false: Prokaryotic genomes consist mostly of unique DNA sequences, they only have a few repeated sequences and genes. Eukaryotes gave both unique and repetitive sequences in the genome
True
80
Is the process of copying genetic information in DNA into RNA
Transcription
81
Recognition factors
Initiation Elongation Termination
82
In___, DNA replication occurs in the S phase of the cell cylce and is biochemically and molecularly similar to replication in projaryotes
Eukaryotes
83
In____, DNA replication begins at a single replication origin and proceeds bidirectionally
Prokaryotes

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