Molecular Genetics Flashcards
(22 cards)
Chromosome
Large collection of DNA in a x shape, ends covered with a protective telomere
Neucleotide
Made up of one sugar, one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base. One “unit” of DNA
Nucleic Acid
A type of macromolecule that makes up DNA & RNA
Nitrogenous Base
The bases that make up base pairs, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil.
Adenine = Thymine/Uracil (two bonds)
Guanine = Cytosine (three bonds)
Codon
Group of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA
Anticodon
Three nitrogenous bases in tRNA that pair to a codon
What are the two types of mutation?
Point and Frameshift
What is point mutation?
When one base is swapped for another
What is frameshift mutation?
When a base is added or removed
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that does not affect the final protein created.
Amino Acid
Building block of a protien
Protein
Chain of A.A., encodes information. Same as polypeptide chain.
Where does DNA Replication occur?
Nucleus
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
Where does Translation occur?
Ribosome/Cytoplasm
What goes into and comes out of DNA Replication?
One DNA strand goes in, two come out
Summarize DNA Replication
1.Helicase breaks hydrogen bonds
2. DNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to existing DNA strand (goes 5’ to 3’)
Summarize Trascription
- RNA polymerase connects to DNA
- Copy is created, called mRNA
- Copy is released from DNA
What are Introns?
The parts of mRNA that are cut out
What are exons?
The coding parts of mRNA
What is the in between step?
RNA Processing:
- 5’ cap is added
- Poly-A Tail is added to 3’ side
- Splicing, Introns are removed
Summarize Traslation
- mRNA attaches to rRNA in ribosome
- rRNA reads codons on mRNA
- tRNA is attached to mRNA based on the codon read
- When stop codon is found, protein is released
