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AP Biology > Molecular Inheritance and DNA to Protein > Flashcards

Molecular Inheritance and DNA to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

conservative

A

DNA parental strand intact, all new copy made

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2
Q

helicase

A

“unzips” the double helix

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3
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds free DNA nucleotides (catalyzes elongation)

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4
Q

leading strand

A

template strand for continuous synthesis

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5
Q

origins of replication

A

beginning places for replication

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6
Q

antiparallel

A

DNA strands with sugar-phosphate backbones in opposite directions

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7
Q

ligase

A

enzyme that joins DNA fragments

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8
Q

primer

A

short sequence of RNA needed to start new chain

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9
Q

telomeres

A

ends of eukaryotic chromosomes

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10
Q

dispersive

A

each new daughter strand mixes old and new nucleotides

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11
Q

replication bubble

A

point of separation of DNA strands

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12
Q

primase

A

links RNA nucleotides used for “starter” (makes primer for replication)

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13
Q

lagging strand

A

copied in short segments

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14
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

hold template strands apart

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15
Q

okazaki fragments

A

name for short pieces formed by lagging strand template

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16
Q

semiconservative

A

each strand serves as a template for a new strand

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17
Q

primer nucleotides

A

are replaced with DNA nucleotides

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18
Q

telomerase

A

uses short RNA sequence to extend 3 prime end

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19
Q

intron

A

noncoding sequence

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20
Q

DNA template

A

the side of the DNA that is transcribed

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21
Q

transcription factors

A

recognize the promoter region and bind to the promoter

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22
Q

transcription unit

A

the “gene” that includes promoter and terminator

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23
Q

RNA polymerase

A

separates DNA and also adds free RNA nucleotides

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24
Q

post-translational modifications

A

process that modifies transcript after transcription

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25
spliceosome
unit that removes introns and joins exons
26
transcription initiation complex
includes promoter, factors, and polymerase
27
promoter
"upstream" of the gene sequence
28
terminator
signals end of transcription
29
5 prime
modified guanine added to this end after transcription, serves as "attach" signal for ribosomes
30
exon
coding segments
31
snRNP
consist of snRNA and proteins; part of a larger splicing unit (small nuclear ribonucleic proteins)
32
ribosome
snRNA can act as an enzyme and is called this
33
3 prime
a poly-A tail is added to this end after transcription
34
tRNA
carries specific amino acid to ribosome
35
wobble
relaxing of base pairing rules at 3rd base
36
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
enzyme that catalyzes formation of covalent bond to join tRNA with amino acid
37
anticodon
specific triplet on tRNA
38
codon
specific triplet on mRNA
39
rRNA
this, not the protein portion, carries out the function of the ribosome
40
intiation
process that brings together mRNA, small subunit, and initiator tRNA
41
initiation factors
brings in large subunit and places initiator tRNA in P site
42
mRNA
brings DNA instructions to cytoplasm
43
translocation
ribosome moves tRNA with polypetptide chain from A to P site
44
termination
occurs when one of three stop codons is reached
45
chaperone protein
aid folding of polypeptide
46
polyribosome
multiple ribosomes making many copies of same polypeptide
47
codon recognition
first step of elongation in translation (mRNA meets tRNA)
48
release factor
binds to stop codon to hydrolyze connection between tRNA and chain
49
peptide bond
connection between chain and new amino acid in A site
50
Griffith
1928 (1) discovered transformation; mice with harmful and harmless strands of pneumonia
51
Avery
1944 (2) figured out DNA was the transforming agent; purified all the molecules from Griffith's experiment
52
Hershey and Chase
1952 (4) proved DNA was the transforming agent; used T2 phages with radioactive sulfur (tagged protein) and radioactive phosphorus (tagged DNA)
53
Chargaff
1947 (3) base pairing rules
54
Franklin and Wilkins
Early 1950s (5) x-ray crystallography; able to deduce three-dimensional structure of DNA
55
Watson and Crick
Mid 1950s (6) discovered the structure of DNA; hypothesized mechanism for DNA replication; semiconservative model of replication
56
Meselson and Stahl
Late 1950s (7) proved that DNA replicates using the semiconservative model, used a heavy isotope of nitrogen
57
Gerrod
first linked a genotype to a phenotype; alkaptonuria
58
Beadle and Tatum
one gene one polypeptide hyp., bread mold defective in synthesizing arginine pathway
59
Nirenberg
discovered genetic code
60
Translation Initiation (process)
- brings together mRNA, a tRNA bearing the first Amino acid of the polypeptide, and the 2 subunits of a ribosome - small ribosomal unit binds with mRNA and a special initiator tRNA, which carries the amino acid methionine - a large ribosomal unit is then attached, forming the translation initiation complex
61
Polypeptide destine for the endomembrane system or for export (process)
-polypeptide has a specific signal peptide at or near the leading end (about 20 amino acids) -signal recognition particle (srp) binds to signal peptide and attaches it (+ its ribosome) to a receptor protein in the ER membrane -protein synthesis resumes
62
frameshift
causes improperly grouped codons
63
substitution
change in one pair of nitrogenous bases
64
missense
an amino acid, but a different one
65
point
can have little or no impact or readily detectable change
66
silent
same amino acid because of redundancy in genetic code
67
nonsense
amino acid changed to a stop codon
68
insertion/deletion
addition or loss of nucleotide pairs

AP Biology (9 decks)

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