Molecules Of Cells

Question 1

Compound wIth the Same fOrMula but differEnt structuRal arrangements.

Answer 1

Isomers

Question 2

An organic compound composed only of the elements CARBON and HYDROgen.

Answer 2

Hydrocarbons

Question 3

A specific conFigUratioN of atoms Commonly aTtached to the carbon skeletons of organIc mOlecules and iNvolved in chemicAL reactions.

Answer 3

Functional groups

Question 4

Water-loving; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water.

Answer 4

Hydrophilic

Question 5

A group that consists of an HYDROgen atom bonded to an oXYgen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeLeton.

Answer 5

Hydroxyl group

Question 6

A group that consists of a CARBON atom Linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. (Aldehyde-at the end of the chain or Ketone-within the chain.)

Answer 6

Carbonyl group

Question 7

A group that consists of a CARBOn double-bonded to a oXYgen atom and aLso bonded to a hydroxyl group. (Carboxylic acid)

Answer 7

Carboxyl group

Question 8

A group that consists of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and the carbon skeleton.

Answer 8

Amino group

Question 9

A group that consists of a PHOSPHOrus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms

Answer 9

Phosphate group

Question 10

A group that consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoMs.

Answer 10

Methyl group

Question 11

A chemical cOmpound containing the element caRbon and usually the element hydroGen.

Answer 11

Organic compound

Question 12

On a molecular scale, molecules of three of these classes - carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid- can be gigantic ; in fact biologists call them this.

Answer 12

Macromolecules

Question 13

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomer linked together by covalent bonds.

Answer 13

Polymers

Question 14

The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer.

Answer 14

Monomer

Question 15

A reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together.

Answer 15

Dehydration reaction

Question 16

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by tHe addition of water; process bY which polymers are broken Down and an essential paRt Of digestion.

Answer 16

Hydrolysis

Question 17

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions; usually a protein, that sErves as a biological catalyst, changiNg the rate of a chemical reaction.

Answer 17

Enzymes

Question 18

The ClAss of molecules that Range from small sugar molecules. Such as those dissolved in soft drinks, to large polysaccharides, such as the starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes.

Answer 18

Carbohydrates

Question 19

Simple sugars; the simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. They are the monomer of disacharides and polysaccharides.

Answer 19

Monosaccharides

Question 20

A six-carbon monosaccharide that serves as a buildinG bLock for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellUlar respiration is a major source of ATP for cells.

Answer 20

Glucose

Question 21

A sugar molecule consisting of TWO monosaccharides linked by dehydration reaction.

Answer 21

Disaccharide

Question 22

Macromolecules, POLYmers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions.

Answer 22

Polysaccharides

Question 23

A STorage polysaccharide in plants, consists of long chains of glucose monomer. A polymer of glucose.

Answer 23

Starch

Question 24

An extensively branched GLucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells; the animal equivalent of starch.

Answer 24

Glycogen

Question 25

A six-carbon monosaccharides that serves as a buildinG bLock for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellUlar respiration is a major source of ATP for Cells.

Answer 25

Glucose

Question 26

A structural polysaccharide of plant CELL walls composed of glucose monomer. THESE molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds into cable like fibrils.

Answer 26

Cellulose

Question 27

A struCtural polysaccHaride found In many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arThropods.

Answer 27

Chitin

Question 28

Diverse group of molecules that are cLassIfied together because they share one trait: they do not mix well with water.

Answer 28

Lipids

Question 29

A fatty acid that has one or more double bond between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail and thus lacks the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. THESE fats and fatty ACIDS do not solidify at room temperature.

Answer 29

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 30

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton. THESE fats and fatty ACIDS solidify at room temperature.

Answer 30

Saturated fatty acid

Question 31

An unsaturated fat linked to healTh risks that is formed artificially during hydrogenation of vegetable oils

Answer 31

Trans fats

Question 32

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a PHOSPHate group. Giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head. THEY form bilateral that function as biological membranes.

Answer 32

Phospholipids

Question 33

Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Examples are cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

Answer 33

Steroids

Question 34

A steroid that is an important Component of animal cell membranes and tHat acts as a precursor mOLecule for thE synthesis of other STEps, such as hoRmones.

Answer 34

Cholesterol

Question 35

A synthetic vAriant of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects.

Answer 35

Anabolic steroid

Question 36

A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more Polypeptides folded into a specific thRee-dimensiOnal sTructurE.

Answer 36

Protein

Question 37

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence functions; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature; also refers to the separation of two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.

Answer 37

Denaturation

Question 38

An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an AMINO group; serves as the monomer of proteins.

Answer 38

Amino acids

Question 39

The covalent BOND between two amino acid units in a polyPEPTIDE, formed by a dehydration reaction.

Answer 39

Peptide bond

Question 40

A POLYmer (chain) of amino acids linked by PEPTIDE bonds.

Answer 40

Polypeptide

Question 41

A double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribonucleic sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (H), and thymine (T). Capable of replicating, IT is an organisms genetic material.

Answer 41

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 42

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses ). Most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA; a few carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 42

Gene

Question 43

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomeRs with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (H), and uracil (U); usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, Gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses.

Answer 43

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 44

A building block of NUCLEic acids, consisting of a five carbon sugar bonded to a niTrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.

Answer 44

Nucleotides

Question 45

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands interwounD intO a spiral sHapE.

Answer 45

Double helix