Monera

Question 1

What are the shapes of bacteria?

Answer 1

Cocci, Bacilli, Spirila

Examples include Staphylococcus Aureus for Cocci, Escherichia Coli for Bacilli, and Treponema pallidum for Spirila.

Question 2

What is the shape of Cocci bacteria?

Answer 2

Spherical

Example: Staphylococcus Aureus causing pneumonia.

Question 3

What is the shape of Bacilli bacteria?

Answer 3

Rod

Example: Escherichia Coli (E. Coli).

Question 4

What is the shape of Spirila bacteria?

Answer 4

Spiral

Example: Treponema pallidum causing syphilis.

Question 5

What is the function of the cell wall in bacteria?

Answer 5

Prevents bacteria from bursting in less concentrated solutions than their cytoplasm.

Question 6

What does the cytoplasm of bacteria contain?

Answer 6

Ribosomes, but no organelles.

Question 7

What is the purpose of the capsule in bacteria?

Answer 7

Protects the bacteria.

Question 8

What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

Answer 8

Movement.

Question 9

What is a plasmid?

Answer 9

Contains DNA and could contain a gene for drug resistance.

Question 10

What is binary fission?

Answer 10

Asexual reproduction method in bacteria.

Question 11

Fill in the blank: During binary fission, the DNA _______.

Answer 11

replicates.

Question 12

What happens to the chromosome during binary fission?

Answer 12

Attaches to the cell membrane.

Question 13

What occurs after the cell elongates in binary fission?

Answer 13

The cell divides.

Question 14

How many identical cells are formed after binary fission?

Answer 14

2.

Question 15

How often does replication occur in bacteria?

Answer 15

Every 20 minutes.

Question 16

What is endospore formation?

Answer 16

A process in adverse environmental conditions where one DNA strand is enclosed by a tough wall.

Question 17

What happens to the parent cell during endospore formation?

Answer 17

The parent dies.

Question 18

What is the state of an endospore when environmental conditions are unfavorable?

Answer 18

Dormant.

Question 19

What happens when favorable conditions return for an endospore?

Answer 19

The endospore reproduces by binary fission.

Question 20

What is pH?

Answer 20

A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

pH can affect enzyme activity and bacterial growth

Question 21

Define heterotrophic bacteria.

Answer 21

Bacteria that obtain their food from other organisms

Examples include parasitic, saprophytic, and some other types

Question 22

What are parasitic bacteria?

Answer 22

Bacteria that take their food from a live host and harm the host

Example: bacillus anthracis causing anthrax

Question 23

Define photosynthetic bacteria.

Answer 23

Bacteria that use light energy to make food

Example: purple sulphur bacteria

Question 24

What are chemosynthetic bacteria?

Answer 24

Bacteria that use energy from chemical reactions to make food

Example: nitrifying bacteria

Question 25

What temperature range do most bacteria grow well in?

Answer 25

20-30 degrees Celsius ## Footnote Some bacteria can tolerate higher temperatures without enzyme denaturation

Question 26

How do low temperatures affect bacterial growth?

Answer 26

They slow down growth due to slower enzyme activity ## Footnote Activity of enzymes is crucial for metabolic processes

Question 27

What are aerobes?

Answer 27

Bacteria that require oxygen to grow ## Footnote Example: streptococcus causing strep throat

Question 28

Define anaerobes.

Answer 28

Bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth ## Footnote They can be divided into facultative and obligate anaerobes

Question 29

What are facultative anaerobes?

Answer 29

Bacteria that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen ## Footnote Example: E. Coli

Question 30

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 30

Bacteria that cannot live in the presence of oxygen ## Footnote Example: Clostridium tetani causing tetanus

Question 31

How does solute concentration affect bacteria?

Answer 31

Bacteria can lose or gain water by osmosis depending on the solute concentration ## Footnote Loss of water can lead to inactivity

Question 32

What is an example of a beneficial bacterium?

Answer 32

Lactobacillus used to produce dairy products ## Footnote E. Coli is also beneficial as part of gut flora

Question 33

What are harmful bacteria?

Answer 33

Bacteria that cause disease (pathogens) ## Footnote Examples include bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus Aureus

Question 34

What are antibiotics?

Answer 34

Substances produced by microorganisms to kill or stop the growth of bacteria or fungi ## Footnote They are essential in treating bacterial infections

Question 36

What can lead to antibiotic resistant bacteria?

Answer 36

Prescribing antibiotics when they are not needed or not taking the full dose of antibiotics. ## Footnote This often occurs with viral infections like the flu.

Question 37

What occurs during the lag phase of bacterial growth?

Answer 37

The bacteria adjust to their new environment.

Question 38

During which phase do bacteria reproduce at their maximum potential?

Answer 38

Log phase.

Question 39

What characterizes the stationary phase in bacterial growth?

Answer 39

Birth rate = death rate due to lack of food, space, oxygen.

Question 40

What happens during the decline phase of bacterial growth?

Answer 40

Bacteria die off due to lack of food, space, oxygen.

Question 41

What is the survival phase in bacterial growth?

Answer 41

Bacteria survive as endospores.

Question 42

Define batch culture in bacterial growth.

Answer 42

Growth of cells in a sealed container where nutrients are added at the start and products are removed at the end.

Question 43

What is continuous flow in bacterial growth?

Answer 43

Growth of cells in an open container where nutrients are constantly added and products are constantly removed.