Monera (Bacteria)

Question 1

Whats a micro-organism?

Answer 1

Small living things

Question 2

Parts of a bacterial cell
(always present)

Answer 2

-Cell wall
-Cell membrane
-Cytoplasm
-Ribosome
-Storage granule
-Loop of DNA

Question 3

Parts of a bacterial cell
(sometimes present)

Answer 3

-Capsule (slime layer)
-Flagella
-Plasmid

Question 4

Function of flagella

Answer 4

Make the bacteria mobile

Question 5

What do plasmids contain?

Answer 5

Genes that are responsible for bacterial resistance to antibiotics

Question 6

Classification of Bacteria
(3 types)

Answer 6

-Round
-Rod-shaped
-Spiral

Question 7

Whats the method by which bacteria reproduce?

Answer 7

Binary fission

Question 8

3 steps of binary fission

Answer 8

-DNA strand copies itself so now there’s two identical strands
-The cell elongates with a stand of DNA attached to each end
-Cell splits in two

Question 9

Why do some bacteria have endospores?

Answer 9

To withstand harsh (unfavourable conditions)

Question 10

3 steps of endospore formation

Answer 10

-Chromosome replicates
-New stand becomes enclosed by tough-walled endospore
-Parent cell breaks down and endospore remains dormant

Question 11

Autotrophic

Answer 11

Means an organism can make its own food

Question 12

Heterotrophic

Answer 12

Means an organism takes in food made by other organisms

Question 13

Chemosynthesis

Answer 13

Is the production of food using energy released from chemical reactions

Question 14

Saprophytes

Answer 14

Are organisms that feed on dead sources

Question 15

Parasites

Answer 15

Obtain their food from a live host

Question 16

Photsynthetic

Answer 16

Use light to make their food

Question 17

Factors affecting the growth of bacteria

Answer 17

-Temperature
-Oxygen concentration
-pH
-Presure

Question 18

Whats a facultative anaerobe?

Answer 18

Can respire with or without oxygen

Question 19

Whats an obligate bacteria?

Answer 19

Can only respire in the absence of oxygen

Question 20

Economic benefits of bacteria

Answer 20

-Used to convert milk to butter, cheese and yogurt
-Involved in the production of antibiotics

Question 21

Economic disadvantages of bacteria

Answer 21

-Bacteria causes food decay
-Causes human and animal diseases

Question 22

Whats pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 22

Causes disease

Question 23

What are antibiotics?

Answer 23

Chemicals produced by micro-organisms that stop the growth/kill other micro-organisms without damaging human tissue

Question 24

What does it mean for bacteria to be antibiotic-resistant?

Answer 24

Bacteria isn’t affected by the antibiotic being used

Question 25

What causes antibiotic resistance?

Answer 25

-Caused by mutations >from overuse of antibiotics or >failure of the patient to complete their treatment of antibiotics

Question 26

5 phases in the growth curve of bacteria

Answer 26

-Lag phase -Log phase -Stationary phase -Decline phase -Survival phase

Question 27

What happens in the lag phase?

Answer 27

-Bacterial numbers remain constant -Bacteria are adapting to their new enviroment

Question 28

What happens in the log phase?

Answer 28

-Bacterial number increase rapidly -Reproducing at their maximum rate because of ideal conditions

Question 29

What happens in the stationary phase?

Answer 29

-No increase in bacterial numbers -Birth rate = death rate of the bacteria -Lack of food, space and oxygen

Question 30

What happens in the decline phase?

Answer 30

-Number of bacteria falls rapidly -Death rate> birth rate of bacteria -Lack of food, space and oxygen

Question 31

What happens in the survival phase?

Answer 31

-A small number of bacteria survive by remaining dormant as spores

Question 32

What is batch culture?

Answer 32

Is the growth of cells in a sealed container (bioreactor) over a short period of time and under ideal conditions until all the nutrients are used up

Question 33

What is continuous flow food processing?

Answer 33

Is the growth of cells in an open container (bioreactor) where nutrients are added and the end products are removed all the time at a rate that maintains the volume of liquid and number of cells

Question 34

What is a bioreactor?

Answer 34

Is a vessel in which living cells or their products are used to make a product