Monitoring and targeting of nanomaterials Flashcards
1
Q
Pseudostratified
A
Looks like it has multiple layers, but it is all connected to dermis ( mouth, airways)
2
Q
Stratified squamous
A
Multiple layers (skin)
3
Q
Simple cuboidal
A
Single layer of cuboidal cells ( glands)
4
Q
Simple squamous
A
One layer of squamous cells ( Capillary’s and alveoli (long blaasjes))
5
Q
Stratified columnar
A
Layers in column form (Airway and rectum)
6
Q
Simple columnar
A
One layer in column form (intestines)
7
Q
Stratified squamous epithelium (C-G-S-B)
A
Corneum-Granulosum-spinosum-basale
8
Q
Ribosome
A
Production of proteins ( are everywhere in the cell but most abundant in the RER)
9
Q
Nucleus
A
- Contains DNA
- Inner and outer membrane which contains nuclear pores
- DNA and proteins form genetic material called chromatin
10
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
A
Account for more than half of the total membrane
11
Q
Smooth ER
A
- No ribosomes
- Synthesizes lipids
- Metabolized carbohydrates
- Detoxifies poison
- Stores calcium
12
Q
Rough ER
A
- Has bound ribosome
- Distributes transport vesicles
- Secrete glycoproteins (proteins bonded to carbohydrates)
- Is a membrane factory of the cell
13
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
- consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
- Modifies products of the ER
- Manufactures certain macromolecules
- Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
Trans face: shipping side
Cis face: receiving side
14
Q
Lysosome
A
membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules (vuilniswagen)
15
Q
Mitochondria
A
- sites of cellular respiration
- Generates ATP (energy)
- Contain their own DNA
- Not a part of the endomembrane system
16
Q
Peroxisomes
A
- Oxidative organelles
- Recycling center
- Produce hydrogen peroxide
17
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
- Microtubules = thickest
- Microfilaments =thinnest
- Intermediate filaments =middle range
18
Q
Centrosome
A
Microtubule organizing center
19
Q
Microtubules
A
Cilia and flagella
20
Q
Actin filaments
A
- Muscle of the cells
- Role is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell
21
Q
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
A
Fuction: Support, adhesion, movement and regulation
22
Q
Tight junctions
A
preventing leakage of extracellular fluid
23
Q
Desmosomes
A
fasten cells together into strong sheets
24
Q
Gap junctions
A
communication between adjacent cells
25
Peripheral proteins
Bound to the surface of the membrane
26
Integral proteins (transmembrane)
Penetrate the hydrophobic core
27
Six major fuctions of membrane proteins
- Enzymatic activity
- Transport
- Signal transduction
- Cell-Cell recognition
- Intercellular joining
- Attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
28
Permeability of the lipid bilayer
Hydrophobic (nonpolar) molecules can dissolve in the lipid bilayer and pass through the membrane rapidly.
29
Transport proteins
- Allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane
- Aquaporins are only for the passage of water (a kind of channel protein)
- Carrier proteins bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane
30
Osmosis water balance
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
31
Isotonic
solute concentration is the same as the inside of the cell
32
Hypertonic
solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
33
Hypotonic
solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water
34
Anatomy
is the study of the biological form of an organism
35
Physiology
is the study of the biological functions an organism performs
36
Connective tissue
- Binds and supports other tissues
- Three types of fiber: collagenous (strength), elastic (stretch) and reticular (join tissues)
37
6 major types of connective tissue
-Loose connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Adipose tissue (fat)
- Blood
- Bone
38
Muscle
consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals
39
Skeletal muscle
responsible for voluntary movement
40
Smooth muscle
responsible for involuntary movement
41
Cardiac muscle
responsible for contraction of the heart
42
Nervous tissue
- Senses stimuli and transmits signals
- Contains neurons (transmit nerve impulses) and glial cells (nourish, insulate and replenish neurons)
- Endocrine system transmits chemical signals
43
Signal transduction pathway
is a series of steps by which a signal on a cell’s surface is converted into a specific cellular response.
Local= Direct contact or cell-cell recognition
Long-distance= Endocrine system (Hormone)
44
Reception (1)
- A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
- Three main types of membrane receptors: G-protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases and ion channel receptor.
45
Transduction (2)
- Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell (multistep)
- cAMP is a second messenger ( small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion)
46
Response
- Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
- important benefits: Amplifying the signal (and thus the response) and contributing to the specificity of the response
47
Scaffolding proteins
large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached
48
Apoptosis
Programmed or controlled cell suicide
49
Apoptosis can be triggered by?
- An extracellular death-signaling ligand
- DNA damage in the nucleus
- Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum
50
Somatic cells
nonreproductive cells --> two sets chromosomes ( for mitosis)
51
Gametes
reproductive cells --> half of the amount of chromosomes
52
Cell division steps
1. DNA replication
2. Chromosomen condensation (makes them visible)
3. Chromosomes separation
4. Centromere is the waist of the chromosome
53
Eukaryotic cell division
* Mitosis: division of the nucleus (somatic cells)
* Cytokinesis: the division of the cytoplasm
* Meiosis: reproductive cell division (Gametes)
54
Phases of the cell cycle
o G1: Cell growth
o S: DNA synthesis
o G2: growth and preparation for mitosis
o M: mitosis (cell division)
55
Neoplasia
* Abnormal growth of deranged cells
* Varying degrees of independence
* No useful purpose
* Proliferation is disturbed
* Differentiation is disturbed
* Tissue organization is disturbed
* Growth may persist even when the initiating cause is removed
