Monitoring training and game demands part 1 (year 2) Flashcards by Freddie Eldridge

Monitoring game Demands: what are the 4 main focuses?

I.D. What is Important for Success

Understand the Characteristics of Performance

Identify Trends

Assess Performance(Individual/Team)

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Monitoring game Demands: Understand the Characteristics of Performance: what are the 2 parts?

Preparation

Recovery

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Monitoring game Demands: I.D. What is Important for Success: what are the 2 parts?

Key Performance Indicators

Preparation

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Monitoring game Demands: Assess Performance(Individual/Team): what are the 4 parts?

Technical/Tactical

Physiological/Psychological Load

Assess Progression/ Transfer of Training

Talent I.D. / Previewing Opposition Plan

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Monitoring game Demands: Identify Trends: what are the 3 parts?

Tolerance to Training/Playing Load

Environment, Competition etc.

Reassessing KPIs (Feedback Loop)

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Monitoring game Demands: Assess Performance(Individual/Team):Physiological/Psychological Load: what are the 2 parts?

Plan Training

Recovery

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Monitoring Training: what are the 4 main factors?

Assess Movement/ Performance

Training Direction (Group/Individual)

Assess Effect of Planning/Interventions

Understand Responses to Training

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Monitoring Training: Assess Movement/ Performance: what are the 3 factors?

Technical/Tactical

Athlete Potential

Does it follow plan?: Re-evaluate or In Session Regulation (Live Feedback)

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Monitoring Training: Understand Responses to Training: what are the 3 parts?

Adaptation (e.g. Rehab/LTAD)

Attempt to Reduce Risk of Overtraining/Illness/Injury: Load Management

Organisation of Training (Fatigue/Potentiation) : Load Management

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Methods of Monitoring Training and Game Demands: External: what are they?

“Objective measures of the work performed by the athlete during training or competition”

Descriptive Statistics - type, time, frequency, volume

Performance Analysis - video, kinematic tracking, time-motion, GPS

Physical Function - power, speed, strength, screening

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Methods of Monitoring Training and Game Demands: Internal: what are they?

“The physiological and psychological stimulation/stress imposed”

Heart Rate - during performance, recovery, rest

Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Markers - saliva, blood

Questionnaires - soreness, wellness

Other - Sleep, Cognitive

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Descriptive Statistics: what are some examples?

Score/Performance
Type of Training
Sets, Reps, Loads, Volume (e.g. Weight Training)
Duration of Training

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Performance Analysis: what are some examples?

Notational Analysis
Video Analysis
Biomechanics
Semi-Automated Video Analysis

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what does video analysis provide?

a) Establish successful/effective techniques
b) Assess technique/performance
c) Identify and incorporate specific training exercises to enhance performance and/or reduce risk of injury
d) Monitor progression
e) In-session feedback

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GPS and PA, what are the benefits?

Identify what does successful performance look like in different scenarios (Attack, Defence, different Formations)

Identify greatest relative distance/instances per time (‘Worst Case Scenarios’)

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Neuromuscular function: what are some examples?

Performance Based Tests e.g. Sprinting, Jumping, Cycling
Training Markers
Screening
Lab based – Isokinetic Dynamometry, EMG etc.

Problems associated with Neuromuscular testing?

~May add to existing fatigue

~Require Maximal Effort

~Difficulty in determining Baseline ‘Maximal’ Effort

~Testing Large Numbers

Neuromuscular Function: Training markers:

Reduces need to ‘test’, relatively simple and provides specific measures to sport.

Means of monitoring intervention effectiveness

Heart rate: appplications?

Understand and Assess Demands of Performance/Training
Effect of Intervention/Training Drill
Assess Readiness to Train/Play, Progression, Return to Play

Heart rate: 1) Heart rate response to exercise: Positives?

“Most common means of assessing internal load”

Based on linear relationship between HR and the rate of oxygen consumption during steady-state exercise

May be used to aid understanding of load during/following training session

Development of measures derived from HR to assess training load

Heart Rate: 1) Heart rate response to exercise: Negatives?

HR monitoring may not be suitable for high-intensity intermittent exercise

Daily variation in HR ~ 6.5% for submaximal HR, controlling for factors such as hydration and environment important

Technical and Scientific expertise required for TRIMP calculation and individual assessment

Heart rate: 2) Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Positives?

Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic = Fight or Flight; Parasympathetic = Regulates physiological rest-and-digest.

During rest and recovery,
~ greater parasympathetic activity is usually associated with a better recovery state and readiness to perform
~ increased sympathetic activity may indicate that training volume/intensity needs to be reduced.

HRV may be a useful indicator of training status/fatigue

Heart rate: 2) Heart Rate Variability (HRV): Negatives?

Changes in autonomic nervous system patterns and an association with overtraining have conflicting findings

Expertise Required to assess findings and how it relates to individual ‘passport’. Large baseline data requirement.

Validity of Commercially Available Technologies??

Heart Rate: 3) Heart Rate Recovery (HRR): positives?

The rate at which HR declines at the cessation of exercise suggested to be a marker of autonomic function and training status in athletes.

Suggested HRR improves with increased training status, remains unchanged when there is no change in training status, and decreases when training status is reduced.

Heart Rate: 3) Heart Rate Recovery (HRR): Negatives?

Issues with HR monitoring as discussed may effect results, in addition to standardising activity, stressors, diet etc.

Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Markers: examples?

•Blood and Saliva Markers(Muscle Damage, Immunity, Metabolic Stress, Hormonal Status)

Biochemical/Hormonal/Immunological Means of Monitoring Internal Load: different markers?

Markers of Muscle Damage and Inflammation e.g. Creatine Kinase (CK) – disruption to cell structure following muscle damage enhances diffusion of soluble enzymes such as CK into interstitial space Markers of Metabolic Fatigue e.g. Lactate– measure of metabolic stress – could be used in conjunction with stress test (e.g. cycling) Markers of Endocrine Status (Hormones) e. g. Testosterone (T) –is anabolic in nature, critical in the process of muscle cell repair and growth. Testosterone a strong individual predictor of the expression of strength and power qualities e. g. Cortisol (C)– catabolic in nature, causing increases in protein degradation in muscle and connective tissue, and reductions in muscle protein synthesis. Markers of Immunity e.g. ImmunoglobinA (IgA) – antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. Suggested intensified training depresses immune function.

Biochemical Monitoring to Monitor Load and Optimise Training Process/Competition: Venepuncture?

Venepuncture – Venous blood Assessed exercise induced changes in circulating number of markers of muscle damage (e.g. CK) and endocrine function (e.g. T & C).

Monitoring Training Loads and Responses Using Perceptual Methods: Questionnaires and Diaries and Wellness Questionnaires/App’s

Changes in Brief Assessment of Mood (BAM+) correlated with m.min-1, HSm.min-1 and no. of sprints.min-1 Could provide information that other means of monitoring can’t (e.g. illness, soreness, psychological) which may then be followed up.

Monitoring Training Loads and Responses Using Perceptual Methods: Other Methods?

e.g. Sleep – Actigraphy Research suggests 1) Athletes may have impaired sleep compared to non-athletic controls with large variation between individuals (Leeder et al., 2012) 2) Sleep patterns may be impaired by increases in training (Jurimae et al., 2004) Sleep monitoring may therefore help understand individual response to training and competition(e.g. Shearer et al., 2015)

External vs. Internal Measures of Load?

External Load e.g. Descriptive, GPS, Power “Work completed by the athlete, measured independently of his or her internal characteristics.” Internal Load “Summation of physiological and psychological stimulation/stress imposed” “May be that relationship between external and internal load aid in revealing fatigue”

Wearable Technology for Athletes and Big Data?

Wearables a $6bn industry projected to be a $25bn industry as early as 2019. Competitive wearable market has provided opportunities to collect an almost endless amount of data. Lack of validity, reliability, concern for problems that may be created by stress of testing, unreliable results and implications from testing .Big Data Pressure to deliver systems to predict/prevent injury, enhance physical preparation and ‘out-clever’ rival teams. Promise of ‘magic bullet’ measures and convincing sales pitches having an influence over peer-reviewed evidence and scientific reasoning.