monoclonal antibodies

Question 1

diagnostic use

Answer 1

• pregnancy testing
  -diagnosing HIV
  -detecting presence of pathogens strep
• detecting cancer cells

Question 2

position of blood clots

Answer 2

• can be used to locate the position of blood clots in patients throufht to have deep vein thrombosis
• inject mouse with plasma cells to secrete antibopdies against human fibrin
  -activates plasma cells
• collect cells from spleen
  -plasma cells fused with tumour cells
• hybridoma formed
• radioactive chemical attached to antibodies
  -indicates where blood clots are found using gamma ray

Question 3

theraputic use of ma

Answer 3

traetment for rabies
prevention of organ transplant rejection
autoimmune therapies able to bind to deactivate factors involved in the inflammatory response
prevention of blood clotting
targeted treatment of breast cancer
treatment of melanoma

Question 4

how do scientists overcome issues in using MA

Answer 4

• genetically modifying the antibody polypeptide chains so amino acid sequences are human
  -altering type and position of sugar groups attached to heavy chains to reflect those found on human antiboides