Mood Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What is mood?
A
Affective ‘states of mind’ that underlie our subjective mental life
2
Q
Affective ‘states of mind’ that underlie our subjective mental life
This is known as…?
A
Mood
3
Q
What are the 2 ways Mood and Emotions are conceptually separated?
A
- ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective
- Comparison with Academic Literature
4
Q
- ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective
- Comparison with Academic Literature
What are these used for?
A
Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion
5
Q
Describe the ‘Folk Psychology’ Perspective of Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion
A
Asked 106 participants from a range of (non-psychology) professions (snowball sampling): What do you believe is the difference between an emotion and a mood?
6
Q
Describe comparison with academic literature of Conceptual Separation of Mood and Emotion
A
65 published articles distinguishing between mood and emotion
7
Q
What is the anatomy of emotion?
A
Related to the heart
8
Q
What is the anatomy of mood?
A
Related to the mind
9
Q
What is the experience of emotion?
A
Felt
10
Q
What is the experience of mood?
A
Thought
11
Q
What is the physiology of emotion?
A
Distinct physiological patterning
12
Q
What is the physiology of mood?
A
No distinct physiological patterning
13
Q
What is the cause of emotion?
A
Caused by a specific event or object
e.g. feeling happiness when receiving a gift from a friend, intentionality (about something), can influence responses we make
14
Q
What is the cause of mood?
A
The cause is less well-defined
15
Q
What is the awareness of cause of emotion?
A
The individual is aware of the cause
16
Q
What is the awareness of cause of mood?
A
Individuals may be unaware of the cause
17
Q
What is the intentionality of emotion?
A
About something
18
Q
What is the intentionality of mood?
A
Not about anything in particular
19
Q
What is the clarity of emotion?
A
Clearly defined
20
Q
What is the clarity of mood?
A
Diffuse and nebulous
21
Q
What is the control of emotions?
A
Not controllable
22
Q
What is the control of mood?
A
Controllable
23
Q
What is the display of emotion?
A
Displayed
24
Q
What is the display of mood?
A
Not displayed
25
What is the intensity of emotion?
Intense
26
What is the intensity of mood?
Mild
27
What is the stability of emotion?
Fleeting and volatile
28
What is the stability of mood?
Stable
29
What is the timing of emotion?
Rises and dissipates quickly
30
What is the timing of mood?
Rises and dissipates slowly
31
What is the duration of emotion?
Brief
32
What is the duration of mood?
Enduring
33
What are the consequences of emotion?
Largely behavioural and expressive
Intended to communicate feelings to other people or cause a change in our goals/priorities in response to feeling
34
What are the consequences of mood?
Largely cognitive
Impairing/promoting creativity and problem solving
35
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Related to the mind
Mood
36
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Distinct physiological patterning
Emotion
37
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Felt
Emotion
38
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
About something
Emotion
39
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Related to the heart
Emotion
40
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Thought
Mood
41
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Caused by a specific event or object
e.g. feeling happiness when receiving a gift from a friend, intentionality (about something), can influence responses we make
Emotion
42
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
No distinct physiological patterning
Mood
43
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Individuals may be unaware of the cause
Mood
44
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Not controllable
Emotion
45
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Not about anything in particular
Mood
46
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Displayed
Emotion
47
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
The individual is aware of the cause
Emotion
48
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Clearly defined
Emotion
49
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Diffuse and nebulous
Mood
50
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Controllable
Mood
51
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Mild
Mood
52
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Fleeting and volatile
Emotion
53
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Intense
Emotion
54
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Stable
Mood
55
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Enduring
Mood
56
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Rises and dissipates quickly
Emotion
57
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Largely behavioural and expressive
Intended to communicate feelings to other people or cause a change in our goals/priorities in response to feeling
Emotion
58
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Brief
Emotion
59
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Rises and dissipates slowly
Mood
60
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Largely cognitive
Impairing/promoting creativity and problem solving
Mood
61
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
The cause is less well-defined
Mood
62
Does this apply to emotion or mood?
Not displayed
Mood
63
What are the 4 limitations to conceptual distinction between emotion and mood?
1. Some criteria require testing
2. Interactions between the two
3. Not universally agreed
4. Terminology used inconsistently in the literature
64
In general, some people are generally more positive or more negative than others
This is known as...?
Dispositional patterns = mood traits
65
What are mood traits?
Dispositional patterns of mood
66
Dispositional patterns of mood
This is known as...?
Mood traits
67
What do mood traits reflect?
The capacity and tendency to experience mood states
68
What reflects the capacity and tendency to experience mood states?
Mood traits
69
According to Costa et al (1987), mood is ____ (r ~ .44 correlation) over time
Moderately stable
70
True or False?
Mood is extremely stable over time
False
Mood is moderately stable over time
71
According to Costa et al (1987), what is a better predictor of a person's future mood?
A person’s prior mood is a better predictor of their future mood than things like changes in their significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment)
72
True or False?
Changes in a person's significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment) is a better predictor of their future mood than a person’s prior mood
False
A person’s prior mood was a better predictor of their future mood than things like changes in their significant life circumstances (e.g. marriage, employment)
73
What did McConville and Cooper (1992) found about mood states?
Characteristic patterns of variability of mood states
Simply = people differ in terms of how variable their moods are from day to day
74
Describe Watson and Tellegen's (1985) study on the structure of mood
Reviewed previous factor analysis studies of mood adjective ratings
75
Watson and Tellegen's (1985) reviewed previous factor analysis studies of mood adjective ratings
Describe their findings (List 2 points)
Found 2 (at least partly) orthogonal (independent) dimensions:
1. Positive Affect (PA)
2. Negative Affect (NA)
76
True or False?
According to Watson and Tellegen's (1985) structure of mood, our level on one dimension tells us a lot about our level on another dimension because these dimensions are codependent
False
According to Watson and Tellegen's (1985) structure of mood, our level on one dimension tells us very little about our level on another dimension because these dimensions are independent
77
True or False?
According to Watson and Tellegen's (1985) structure of mood, it is not possible to experience high levels of positive affect at the same time as high negative affect
False
According to Watson and Tellegen's (1985) structure of mood, it should be possible to experience high levels of positive affect at the same time as high negative affect
78
What is High Positive Affect?
Positive zest for life
79
What is Low Positive Affect?
Low levels of positive energy
80
What is High Negative Affect?
Unpleasant arousal
81
What is Low Negative Affect?
Feeling low arousal
82
What 3 things are associated with High Positive Affect?
1. Active
2. Elated
3. Excited
83
What 3 things are associated with Low Positive Affect?
1. Drowsy
2. Sleepy
3. Sluggish
84
What 3 things are associated with High Negative Affect?
1. Distressed
2. Fearful
3. Nervous
85
What 3 things are associated with Low Negative Affect?
1. Calm
2. Placid
3. Relaxed
86
What Affect does this apply to?
Distressed
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
b. High Negative Affect
87
What Affect does this apply to?
Calm
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
88
What Affect does this apply to?
Drowsy
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
89
What Affect does this apply to?
Fearful
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
b. High Negative Affect
90
What Affect does this apply to?
Active
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
a. High Positive Affect
91
What Affect does this apply to?
Elated
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
a. High Positive Affect
92
What Affect does this apply to?
Placid
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
93
What Affect does this apply to?
Sleepy
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
94
What Affect does this apply to?
Nervous
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
b. High Negative Affect
95
What Affect does this apply to?
Excited
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
a. High Positive Affect
96
What Affect does this apply to?
Relaxed
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
97
What Affect does this apply to?
Sluggish
a. High Positive Affect
b. High Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
d. Low Negative Affect
c. Low Positive Affect
98
Describe Larsen et al.'s (2001) study on the co-occurrence of positive and negative mood
List 3 points
1. Examined co-activation of happiness and sadness
2. 189 Participants
3. ‘Emotional state’ ratings before and after watching a ‘tragic comedy’ film
99
Describe the results of Larsen et al.'s (2001) study on the co-occurrence of positive and negative mood
After the film, there was an evidence of co-activation = ‘Bittersweetness’
100
Larsen et al. (2001) forund evidence for bittersweet feelings on...?
List 2 occassions
1. Dorm’ move-out day
2. Graduation
101
1. Dorm’ move-out day
2. Graduation
These are 2 events that have evidence for what mood?
Bittersweetness
102
According to Conrad et al. (2019), ___% of songs that people listen to on repeat reflect bittersweet feelings
16%
103
16% of songs that people listen to on repeat reflect _____ feelings
Bittersweet
104
What does bittersweetness suggest about the co-occurrence of happiness and sadness?
Co-activation of positive and negative feelings (even ‘Happiness’ and ‘Sadness’) is possible (though probably not common)
105
True or False?
Co-activation of positive and negative feelings (even ‘Happiness’ and ‘Sadness’) is possible (though probably not common)
True
106
Describe Matthew et al.'s (1990) factor analysis on mood
Factor analysed responses to 48 item ‘University of Wales Institute of Science & Technology Mood Adjective Checklist’ (UMACL)
107
Describe the results of Matthew et al.'s (1990) factor analysis on mood
List 2 points
1. Proposed three-dimensional model of mood
2. Hedonic tone is modestly associated with arousal scales
108
According to Matthew et al.(1990), what are the 3 components of the three-dimensional model of mood?
1. Tense Arousal
2. Energetic Arousal
3. Hedonic Tone
109
What 4 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Tense Arousal?
1. Calm
2. Relaxed
3. Peaceful
4. Placid
110
What 4 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Tense Arousal?
1. Anxious
2. Jittery
3. Fearful
4. Stressed
111
What 3 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Energetic Arousal?
1. Active
2. Alert
3. Vigorous
112
What 4 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Energetic Arousal?
1. Idle
2. Sleepy
3. Sluggish
4. Tired
113
What 3 moods are associated with the positive extreme of Hedonic Tone?
1. Pleased
2. Cheerful
3. Happy
114
What 3 moods are associated with the negative extreme of Hedonic Tone?
1. Low-spirited
2. Gloomy
3. Sad
115
What is the definition of happiness according to Diener (2000)?
Overall balance of Positive Affect and Negative Affect
116
Overall balance of Positive Affect and Negative Affect
This is known as...?
Happiness
117
Most methods for assessing individual differences in mood involve ...?
Retrospective judgements
118
Most methods for assessing ______ involve retrospective judgements
Individual differences in mood
119
e.g. How happy did you feel yesterday?
e.g. How happy did you feel last Friday?
These are examples of...?
Retrospective judgements
120
What are the 4 biases associated with retrospective judgement?
1. Your current mood
2. Your most extreme mood state during the period covered (‘peak’ mood)
3. Your mood state at the end of the period covered (‘end’ mood)
4. Beliefs, stereotypes, and expectations about mood patterns
121
1. Your current mood
2. Your most extreme mood state during the period covered (‘peak’ mood)
3. Your mood state at the end of the period covered (‘end’ mood)
4. Beliefs, stereotypes, and expectations about mood patterns
These are biases associated with...?
Retrospective judgement
122
What is peak mood?
Your most extreme mood state during the period covered
123
Your most extreme mood state during the period covered
This is known as...?
Peak mood
124
What is end mood?
Your mood state at the end of the period covered
125
Your mood state at the end of the period covered
This is known as...?
End mood
126
What is the typical cultural mood stereotype?
Monday is when we are at our lowest mood, Fridays and Saturdays are when we are at our highest mood
127
Monday is when we are at our lowest mood, Fridays and Saturdays are when we are at our highest mood
This is known as...?
Cultural Mood Stereotype
128
Describe Areni and Burger's (2008) study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 3 points
1. Ps were asked: Do beliefs about our typical moods fit with cultural stereotypes about the days of the week?
2. 202 participants were recruited into an online study, all in full-time employment
3. Ps were then asked:
Think of the time when you first wake up in the morning...
On what morning of the week are you typically in your best mood?
On what morning of the week are you typically in your worst mood?
Think of that period in the evening after dinner but before you go to sleep...
On what evening of the week are you typically in your best mood?
On what evening of the week are you typically in your worst mood?
129
Describe the results of Areni and Burger's (2008) study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 2 points
1. People were generally in their best moods on Friday evenings and Saturday mornings
2. People were generally in their worst moods on Monday mornings and evenings
130
Describe Areni and Burger's (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 3 points
1. 351 participants
Days 1-7: Daily momentary mood assessments
- What is your mood like right now?
2. Day 8: Mood stereotypes
- What is your mood like on a typical Wednesday/Thursday/etc?
3. Day 8: Retrospective mood assessments
- What was your mood like last Wednesday/Thursday? Etc
131
What data did Areni and Burger's (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes looked at? List 3
1. What Ps mood was like on each day
2. What Ps thought their mood tended to be like on each day
3. How Ps remembered their mood on each day of the previous week
132
Describe the results of Areni and Burger's (2008) 2nd study on Cultural Mood Stereotypes
List 2 points
1. Little evidence that mood stereotypes reflect real moods
2. For Mondays: Mood stereotypes were a better predictor of remembered mood than actual moods were
133
Areni and Burger's (2008) 2nd study found little evidence that mood stereotypes reflect real moods
Explain this further
List 4 points
1. Ps ‘Typical’ (expected) mood reflects cultural stereotypes where people feel best moods on Friday/Saturday and worst moods on Monday
2. Ps actual moods show much less variation in mood over the week than people expect
3. There is no real evidence that people’s real moods fit with that expected pattern
e.g. There’s a very slight trend towards better moods on Fridays and the weekend but there aren’t any high moods on Tuesdays
4. Ps report feeling their worst on Wednesdays rather than Mondays
134
Areni and Burger's (2008) 2nd study found for Mondays, mood stereotypes were a better predictor of remembered mood than actual moods were
Explain this further
List 2 points
1. When looking at memories of their previous moods, people’s beliefs about their mood were stronger predictors of their remembered moods than the ratings of their actual moods were
2. Suggests that holding an incorrect belief that we tend to feel lowest on certain days of the week can cause us to misremember our previous moods as being worse than they actually are
135
What 2 factors affect out current mood rating?
1. The time that we make the mood rating
2. Peak-End Theory
136
The time that we make the mood rating influences our current mood rating
Describe Schwartz and Clore's (1983) study on this
Telephone interviews with participants on sunny or rainy days
‘How happy do you feel at this moment? (1-10)
‘How happy do you feel about your life as a whole?’ (1-10)
137
The time that we make the mood rating influences our current mood rating
Describe the results of Schwartz and Clore's (1983) study on this (List 2 points)
1. Mean levels of mood were higher on sunny days compared to rainy days
2. Mean levels of global life happiness were higher on sunny days than on rainy days. This suggests global happiness was influenced by current mood (day-to-day fluctuations)
138
Mean levels of global life happiness were higher on sunny days than on rainy days.
What does this suggest?
This suggests global happiness was influenced by current mood (day-to-day fluctuations)
139
Peak-End Theory influences our current mood rating
Describe the results of Redelmeier and Kahneman's (1996) study on this (List 2 points)
1. Patients’ retrospective ratings were strongly influenced by Peak and End experiences
2. Lower correlations with duration of experiences (‘duration neglect’)
Simply = People’s ratings don’t take sufficient account of how long these 2 periods were; the whole procedure was generally not very painful but there’s one brief moment where it was extremely painful or the final bit was very painful then the overall memory of the pain will be much higher than what they actually experienced (neglect the fact that these painful experiences are quite small and instead focuses on that overall extreme rating or end rating)
140
Describe Chajut et al.'s (2014) study on the peak-end theory and retrospective pain ratings
List 4 points
1. 324 pregnant women (mean age = 30.4 years) recruited on entering delivery dept
2. Momentary pain reports every 20 minutes until birth
3. 0 = No pain at all, 100 = Worst pain imaginable
4. Retrospective pain ratings (of entire period) taken 2 days/months later
141
Describe the results of Chajut et al.'s (2014) study on the peak-end theory and retrospective pain ratings
Average of peak and end pain ratings were stronger predictors of remembered pain ratings than actual average levels of pain experienced
142
Average of peak and end pain ratings were stronger predictors of ____ than actual average levels of pain experienced
Remembered pain ratings
143
Which of these is a stronger predictor of remembered pain ratings?
a. Average of peak and end pain ratings
b. Actual average levels of pain experienced
a. Average of peak and end pain ratings
144
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What are memories of Negative Affects influenced more by?
Peak experiences
145
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What are memories of Positive Affects influenced more by?
End experiences
146
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What do end experiences influence?
a. Positive Affects
b. Negative Affects
a. Positive Affects
147
According to Ganzach & Yaor (2019), there are asymmetries in recall of positive vs negative affect
What do peak experiences influence?
a. Positive Affects
b. Negative Affects
b. Negative Affects
148
Memories of Negative Affects were influenced more by peak experiences
Memories of Positive Affects were influenced more by end experiences
What is the supposed reason behind this?
Not clear why but authors believe it has something to do with the greater evolutionary value of negative info which is more likely to be communicating risks of danger therefore might be better attended to and have a greater bias of peak experiences
149
What are the 3 types of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?
1. Momentary Mood Assessment
2. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
3. Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM)
150
Collected contemporaneously with the experience
e.g. How happy do you feel right now?
This is known as...?
Contemporaneous Mood Assessment
151
What are the 3 advantages of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?
1. Accurate snapshot of mood state
2. Free of (memory-related) cognitive biases
3. Temporal precision
152
What are the 3 disadvantages of Contemporaneous Mood Assessment?
1. A single snapshot only
- How to know how representative your measure is of a person’s average mood
2. Interfere with everyday activities
- Can change mood and introduce a new bias
3. Tells you nothing about people’s memories of their experiences ...
...which influence future behaviour;
... inform our sense of wellbeing;
... and contribute to our sense of who we are
153
1. Accurate snapshot of mood state
2. Free of (memory-related) cognitive biases
3. Temporal precision
These are 3 advantages of what type of assessment?
Contemporaneous Mood Assessment
154
1. A single snapshot only
- How to know how representative your measure is of a person’s average mood
2. Interfere with everyday activities
- Can change mood and introduce a new bias
3. Tells you nothing about people’s memories of their experiences ...
...which influence future behaviour;
... inform our sense of wellbeing;
... and contribute to our sense of who we are
These are 3 advantages of what type of assessment?
Contemporaneous Mood Assessment
155
Retrospective and contemporaneous mood measures can be important and meaningful as it really depends on ...?
The particular research question
