Motivation Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What is motivation?
List 5 points
A
An internal state that:
- Drives people into action
- Energizes, directs, and perpetuates behaviour; determines what you do and keeps you doing it
- Is directed towards the satisfaction of needs/drives
- If needs are unsatisfied, it will generate a state of physiological or psychological arousal (or both); e.g. When we feel hungry, we can feel agitated or distracted because our body is motivating us to do something
- Is dynamic rather than static; they vary in strength over time
2
Q
What are the 2 types of motivations that contribute to individual differences?
A
- Trait motivation
- State motivation
3
Q
What is motivation linked with?
A
Linked with important life outcomes
4
Q
What is the relationship between motivation and personality?
A
Relationship with personality is unclear (and debated)
5
Q
What is motivation directed towards?
A
The satisfaction of needs/drives
6
Q
What happens when the satisfaction of needs/drives are not met?
A
It will generate a state of physiological or psychological arousal (or both)
e.g. When we feel hungry, we can feel agitated or distracted because our body is motivating us to do something
7
Q
Describe the 4 components of Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation
A
- Need
- Press
- Motive
- Behaviour
8
Q
What are the 2 types of needs according to Murray (1938)?
A
- Primary needs
- Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
9
Q
What are primary needs?
A
Biological in nature
e.g. Air, food, pain, avoidance, sex
10
Q
What are secondary/psychogenic needs?
A
Derived from biology and/or psychological
Leads to individual differences in our motivation
Complex needs
e.g. Nurturance and achievement
11
Q
Derived from biology and/or psychological
a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
A
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
12
Q
Biological in nature
a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
A
a. Primary needs
13
Q
e.g. Air, food, pain, avoidance, sex
a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
A
a. Primary needs
14
Q
Leads to individual differences in our motivation
a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
A
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
15
Q
e.g. Nurturance and achievement
a. Primary needs
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
A
b. Secondary/Psychogenic Needs
16
Q
- Need
- Press
- Motive
- Behaviour
What Model is this?
A
Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation
17
Q
What is press?
A
Situational conditions/events
Can increase or decrease the size of motivation
e.g. living in poverty could increase the motivation to take on jobs to earn money
18
Q
Situational conditions/events
Can increase or decrease the size of motivation
This is known as…?
A
Press
19
Q
According to Murray’s (1938) Model of Motivation, what influences motivation?
List 2 points
A
- Need
- Press
20
Q
What do the more recent Models of Motivation include?
A
Include “goals” as a component
21
Q
The more recent Models of Motivation include “goals” as a component
Why?
A
To distinguish motivation from mood
22
Q
To distinguish motivation from mood, more recent Models of Motivation include ___ as a component
A
Goals
23
Q
How many Secondary/Psychogenic Needs did Murray (1938) find?
A
27
20 Psychogenic Needs (plus 7 provisional needs)
24
Q
20 Psychogenic Needs (plus 7 provisional needs) were proposed based on extensive data collection (interviews, observations, childhood memories etc.) from ___ participants
A
50
25
How many Psychogenic Needs did Murray (1938) propose?
20
26
How many Provisional Needs did Murray (1938) propose?
7
27
What are the 12 main Secondary/Psychogenic Needs proposed by Murray (1938)?
1. Need for Achievement
2. Need for Nurturance
3. Need for Affiliation
4. Need for Order
5. Need for Aggression
6. Need for Play
7. Need for Autonomy
8. Need for Sentience (need to experience feelings and sensations from the senses)
9. Need for Dominance
10. Need for Sex
11. Need for Exhibition
12. Need for Understanding
28
What did Scheffer & Heckhausen (2018) argue about Murray's (1938) 27 Secondary/Psychogenic Needs?
Thought 27 needs was too many to work with in any feasible way and it is unlikely to represent a complete set or necessary list of all the needs present
29
Scheffer & Heckhausen (2018) thought 27 needs was too many to work with in any feasible way and it is unlikely to represent a complete set or necessary list of all the needs present
How many Needs did they propose instead?
3
30
What are the 3 Secondary/Psychogenic Needs proposed by Scheffer & Heckhausen (2018)?
1. Need for Achievement
2. Need for Affiliation
3. Need for Power
31
Most research now focuses on three secondary needs
What are they?
1. Need for Achievement
2. Need for Affiliation
3. Need for Power
32
What did McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (1950s) propose?
There are 3 basic (secondary) needs
33
What are the 3 basic needs proposed by McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory (1950s)?
1. Need for Achievement
2. Need for Affiliation
3. Need for Power
34
What is Need for Achievement?
The desire to master skills, do things well and accomplish goals, etc.
Similar to facets of conscientiousness (in personality)
35
What is Need for Affiliation?
The desire to form relationships and spend time with others
Similar to facets of extraversion (in personality)
36
What is Need for Power?
The desire to influence and control others
37
Similar to facets of conscientiousness (in personality)
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
c. Need for Achievement
38
Similar to facets of extraversion (in personality)
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Affiliation
39
The desire to form relationships and spend time with others
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Affiliation
40
The desire to influence and control others
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Power
41
The desire to master skills, do things well and accomplish goals, etc.
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
c. Need for Achievement
42
How are the 3 Basic (Secondary) Needs measured?
Measured with Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
43
What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measure?
The 3 Basic (Secondary) Needs
44
How does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) measure the 3 Basic (Secondary) Needs?
List 2 points
1. Requires people to tell stories about ambiguous stimuli
The content of these stories is then interpreted by the researcher to determine the person’s underlying levels of motives
45
Why are projective tests (e.g. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)) considered appropriate for motivation research?
Due to the implicit nature of motives
46
According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the 2 potential sub components of motives?
1. Hope
2. Fear
47
Hope and Fear are two ______ of motives
Potential subcomponents
48
What is Hope as a Potential Sub component?
The approach towards motive-specific incentive
49
What is Fear as a Potential Sub component?
The avoidance of a motivation-specific disincentive
50
The avoidance of a motivation-specific disincentive
a. Hope
b. Anxiety
c. Fear
d. Anger
c. Fear
51
The approach towards motive-specific incentive
a. Hope
b. Anxiety
c. Fear
d. Anger
a. Hope
52
Hope and Fear are two potential sub components of motives
How do these sub components play a role in Need for Achievement?
List 2 points
1. Hope for Success
2. Fear of Failure
53
Hope and Fear are two potential sub components of motives
How do these sub components play a role in Need for Power?
1. Hope for Power
2. Fear of Weakness
54
Hope for Success
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
c. Need for Achievement
55
Fear of Weakness
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Power
55
Fear of Failure
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
c. Need for Achievement
55
Hope of Power
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Power
55
High-level needs or motives are better understood as a ...?
Broader class of motive which can be broken down into subtypes
55
____ are better understood as a broader class of motive which can be broken down into subtypes
High-level needs or motives
56
According to Hill (1987), what are the 4 subtypes of motives?
1. Need for Emotional Support
2. Need for Attention from Others
3. Need for Positive Stimulation
4. Need for Social Comparison
56
According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Emotional Support
What is Need for Emotional Support?
The need to be around other people in order to get comfort and reduce negative feelings
56
According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Positive Stimulation
What is Need for Positive Stimulation?
The need to feed off other people and gain pleasure and stimulation from interacting with others
57
According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Attention from Others
What is Need for Attention from Others?
The need to get recognition or a sense of importance from other people
58
According to Hill (1987), one of the four subtypes of motives is Need for Social Comparison
What is Need for Social Comparison?
The need to be around others to judge how well they’re doing compared to other people
59
“One of my greatest sources of comfort when things get rough is being with other people”
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
d. Need for Emotional Support
60
“Just being around other and finding out about them is one of the most interesting things I can think of doing”
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
61
The need to get recognition or a sense of importance from other people
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
c. Need for Attention from Others
62
The need to feed off other people and gain pleasure and stimulation from interacting with others
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
63
The need to be around others to judge how well they’re doing compared to other people
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
b. Need for Social Comparison
64
The need to be around other people in order to get comfort and reduce negative feelings
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
d. Need for Emotional Support
65
“I mainly like to be around others who think I am an important, exciting person”
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
c. Need for Attention from Others
66
“I find that I often look to certain other people to see how I compare to others”
a. Need for Positive Stimulation
b. Need for Social Comparison
c. Need for Attention from Others
d. Need for Emotional Support
b. Need for Social Comparison
67
Hill (1987) found that scores show differential correlations with ...?
Ratings of behavioural intentions
67
Hill (1987) found that participants responses load onto separate factors
What does this suggest about motives?
There are different/separate subtypes
68
Define state motivation
The present motivation to engage and persist due to an inherent interest and pleasure associated with the activity at hand
69
Define trait motivation
A stable and enduring disposition, affected by individual characteristics such as personality
70
The present motivation to engage and persist due to an inherent interest and pleasure associated with the activity at hand
This is known as...?
State motivation
71
A stable and enduring disposition, affected by individual characteristics such as personality
This is known as...?
Trait motivation
72
Describe Hill's (1987) study on the subtypes of motives
List 3 points
1. Gathered ratings of behavioural intentions that were revealed in participant’s written responses to a series of hypothetical scenarios
2. Covered things like how they would respond in a confusing ambiguous job interview
3. The different intentions revealed that these responses had different patterns of correlation with scores on each subscale, therefore providing further evidence of these subtypes
73
According to Schultheiss (2008), we have a preference for tasks of ___ difficulty
a. Easy
b. Moderate
c. Extreme
b. Moderate
74
According to Schultheiss (2008), which problem would we most likely choose to solve?
a. (13 + 4) - (11 + 2)
b. 12 + 8
c. (12 x 14) - (35 / 7) + (18 x 4 x 6)
a. (13 + 4) - (11 + 2)
75
According to Schultheiss (2008), we have a preference for work settings with ...?
Frequent feedback on current vs previous performance
76
What are the Individual-level correlates of High Need for Achievement, according to Schultheiss (2008)?
List 2
1. Entrepreneurial success and innovation
2. Poor leadership and managerial skills
77
What are the Societal/Historic-level correlates of High Need for Achievement, according to Schultheiss (2008)?
List 2
1. Economic growth and innovation
2. Civil war and ineffective leadership
78
Describe Bradburn and Berlew's (1961) study on the Need for Achievement and Economic Growth
List 4 points
1. Estimated societal level of ‘need for achievement’ in England from 1501-1830 using content analysis of popular literature
- ‘Projection’ of author’s values, needs and motives
2. Took sample of popular, ‘imaginative’ and ‘fanciful’ literature from each time period
- Provides greater scope for the author to project their needs and motives
3. Scored extracts for ‘achievement imagery (inter-rate reliability ~ .96)
4. Estimated economic activity through coal imports
79
According to Bradburn and Berlew (1961), what did Need for Achievement estimate?
Estimated economic activity through coal imports
80
Bradburn and Berlew (1961), what need estimated economic activity through coal imports?
Need for Achievement
81
Why did Bradburn and Berlew (1961) take samples of popular, ‘imaginative’ and ‘fanciful’ literature from each time period?
Because it provides a greater scope for the author to project their needs and motive
82
Bradburn and Berlew (1961) plotted the average levels of Need for Achievement imagery from English literature plotted against gain in London coal imports
What pattern did they find?
Time lag pattern = Changes in need for achievement are followed, about 50 years later, by similar changes in coal imports
83
Bradburn and Berlew (1961) plotted the average levels of Need for Achievement imagery from English literature plotted against gain in London coal imports
They found a time lag pattern
What does this suggest?
Suggests that an increase in the need for achievement in society seemed to lead to increases in economic growth
84
Suggests that an increase in the need for ____ in society seemed to lead to increases in economic growth
a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement
c. Achievement
85
Need for Power reflects 2 types of desires
What are they?
1. Desire to influence and have impact
2. Desire to dominate and control
86
Desire to influence and have impact
What need is this?
a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement
b. Power
87
Desire to dominate and control
What need is this?
a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement
b. Power
88
Can also be expressed through generativity
What need is this?
a. Affiliation
b. Power
c. Achievement
b. Power
89
The Need for Power can also be expressed through generativity
Define generativity
The process of doing things that nurture, guide and help subsequent generations, satisfy the high need for power
90
According to Winter (1973), individuals high in Need for Power are more attracted to jobs involving ...?
Teaching
91
According to Peterson and Stuart (1996), a High Need for Power (in females) are correlated with ...?
Larger families, and greater involvement in parenting, nurturing the next generation
92
Individuals high in _____ are more attracted to jobs involving teaching
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
93
A High ______ (in females) are correlated with larger families, and greater involvement in parenting, nurturing the next generation
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
94
Winter (1973): Individuals high in Need for Power are more attracted to jobs involving teaching
What is this evidence for?
Generativity in Need for Power
95
Peterson and Stuart (1996): A High Need for Power (in females) are correlated with larger families, and greater involvement in parenting, nurturing the next generation
What is this evidence for?
Generativity in Need for Power
96
According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Individual-level correlates of High Need for Power?
List 3
1. Higher testosterone levels
2. Higher sexual activity and aggression
3. Managerial, leadership and career success
97
According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Societal/Historic-level correlates of High Need for Power?
List 2
1. Increase in war and arms
2. Effective leadership
98
Entrepreneurial success and innovation
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
c. Need for Achievement
99
Economic growth and innovation
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
c. Need for Achievement
100
Higher testosterone levels
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
101
Increase in war and arms
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
102
Like similar others, but dislike dissimilar others (possibly to avoid conflict?)
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Affiliation
103
Higher sexual activity and aggression
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
104
Poor leadership and managerial skills
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
c. Need for Achievement
105
Effective leadership
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
106
Peace and disarmament
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Affiliation
107
Political scandal
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Affiliation
108
Managerial, leadership and career success
These are correlates of High ...?
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
109
Describe Spangler and House's (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership
List 3 points
1. Motives estimated from previous coding of US Presidents’ inaugural speeches
- 39 presidents from Washington to Raegan who had been elected to office were included in the study
2. ‘Presidential Performance’ indicators measured
3. Indicators of ‘Presidential Performance’ predicted by the 3 basic needs
110
In Spangler and House's (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership, what were the 4 ‘Presidential Performance’ indicators?
1. War entry
2. War avoidance
3. Perceived ‘greatness’
4. Great decisions cited
111
In Spangler and House's (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership, what were the indicators of ‘Presidential Performance’ predicted by?
List 3 points
1. High Need for Power
2. Lower Needs for Achievement
3. Lower Needs for Affiliation
112
In Spangler and House's (1991) study on Need for Power and Effective Leadership, what 2 potential factors are unlikely to contribute to ‘Presidential Performance’?
1. Reverse causation
2. Bias in coding motives or presidential performance
113
Define Needs for Affiliation
Desire to spend time with other people and to form strong, social ties
114
According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Individual-level correlates of High Need for Affiliation?
Like similar others, but dislike dissimilar others (possibly to avoid conflict?)
115
According to Schultheiss (2008), what are the Societal/Historic-level correlates of High Need for Affiliation?
List 2
1. Peace and disarmament
2. Political scandal
116
Why is it likely that people with high Need for Affiliation get involved in a political scandal?
Because they are possibly too strongly influenced by the views of other people around them and trying to please other people, which can lead them to compromise positions
117
Describe Langer and Winter's (2001) study on concessions to avoid/resolve conflicts
List 2 points
1. Undergraduates responded to letter relating to Cuban Missile Crisis
2. Letters coded for concessions and needs
“I am willing to arrange for [...] a third party at the discussion.“
“[I am] not willing to involve a third party in the current dispute.” (pp 715)
118
Describe the results of Langer and Winter's (2001) study on concessions to avoid/resolve conflicts
List 2 points
1. Need for Affiliation was positively related to concessions
simply = People with high Need for Affiliation are more likely to make or accept concessions
2. Need for Power was negatively related to concessions
simply = People with high Need for Power are less likely to make or accept concessions
119
_____ can promote cooperation to the making of concession and compromises
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Affiliation
120
Need for Affiliation can promote cooperation to the making of ...?
Concession and compromises
121
Negatively related to concessions
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Power
122
Positively related to concessions
a. Need for Affiliation
b. Need for Power
c. Need for Achievement
a. Need for Affiliation
123
Describe the Physiology of Need for Power, according to Schultheiss (2008)
List 4 points
1. High testosterone --> High Need for Power
2. Engagement in Power-Challenge Situations
3. Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Stress Response
4. Chronic high blood pressure, lowered immune function, increased susceptibility to illness
124
Arrange these in the correct order
Engagement in Power-Challenge Situations
Chronic high blood pressure, lowered immune function, increased susceptibility to illness
High testosterone --> High Need for Power
Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Stress Response
1. High testosterone --> High Need for Power
2. Engagement in Power-Challenge Situations
3. Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System Stress Response
4. Chronic high blood pressure, lowered immune function, increased susceptibility to illness
125
What are the 2 branches of the Autonomic Nervous System?
1. Sympathetic Branch
2. Parasympathetic Branch
126
What is the Sympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?
List 2 points
1. Mobiles energy
2. Flight/Flight
- Increased heart rate
- Muscle tension
- Inhibit immune system
127
What is the Parasympathetic Branch of the Autonomic Nervous System?
List 3 points
1. Conserves energy
2. Decreased heart rate
3. Promotes digestion and the immune system
128
Mobiles energy
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
129
Conserves energy
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
a. Parasympathetic Branch
130
Flight/Flight
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
131
Decreased heart rate
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
a. Parasympathetic Branch
132
Increased heart rate
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
133
Muscle tension
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
134
Promotes digestion and the immune system
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
a. Parasympathetic Branch
135
Inhibit immune system
a. Parasympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
b. Sympathetic Branch
136
Describe McClelland, Alexander & Marks's (1982) study on the Negative Health Effects of Need for Power
List 5 points
1. 133 male prison inmates participated
2. Thematic Apperception Test (4 brief stories) coded for Need for Power and Need for Affiliation
3. Number of stressors experienced
4. Number and severity of illnesses in past 12 months (1-100 per illness)
5. Saliva sample to measure salivary immunoglobulin-A (S-IgA) as an indicator of immune functioning
- Higher level of S-IgA = Better immune functioning
137
Describe the results of McClelland, Alexander & Marks's (1982) study on the Negative Health Effects of Need for Power
List 2 points
1. Higher illness severity in people with a higher need for power and stress
2. Lowest immune functioning in people with a higher need for power and stress
138
Higher illness severity in people with a higher need for ...?
a. Achievement
b. Affiliation
c. Power
c. Power
139
Lowest immune functioning in people with a higher need for ...?
a. Achievement
b. Affiliation
c. Power
c. Power
140
What are the 2 main Negative Health Effects of Need for Power?
1. Higher illness severity
2. Lower immune functioning
141
According to McClelland (1989), what is associated with poorer health in terms of Need for Power?
It is the ‘Stressed power motive’ that is associated with poorer health
142
True or False?
High need for power is a general vulnerability for impaired health
False
High need for power per se is not a general vulnerability for impaired health
Rather, it is the combination of the motive, alongside the means by which that motive is achieved
143
What 2 health outcomes is Need for Affiliation associated with?
1. Parasympathetic activity
2. Increased immune functioning
144
Associated with:
1. Parasympathetic activity
2. Increased immune functioning
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Affiliation
145
_____ is associated with conserving energy and promoting the functions of essential systems such as digestion and immune systems
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Affiliation
146
Generally positive effects on health
a. Need for Power
b. Need for Affiliation
c. Need for Achievement
b. Need for Affiliation
147
Need for Affiliation generally has positive effects on health
Why?
It helps to conserve energy and promote the functions of essential systems such as digestion and immune systems
148
Describe McClelland & Kirshnit's (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive
List 5 points
1. 132 student participants
2. Needs measured using TAT before and after watching one of two short films
Film 1: Mother Theresa emphasises the worth and importance of love and reaching out to other people (things that should prime the need for affiliation)
Film 2: Documentary of WW2, footage of bombing and various leaders at the time giving speeches (things that should prime the need for power)
3. Need for affiliation group primed further in post-film writing task about their personal experience of love and caring
4. Levels of S-IgA measured before and after the film
5. Also measured illness experienced that year
149
Describe the results of McClelland & Kirshnit's (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive
List 2 points
1. Mother Theresa film:
- Showed a pre-to-post-increase in the need for affiliation and a decrease in the need for power
- An increase in S-IgA, indicating improved immune functioning. This remained for an hour later, following the writing task
2. WWII Documentary:
- Showed a pre-to-post increase in the need for power and a decrease in the need for affiliation
- There was no significant difference in S-IgA
150
Mother Theresa film:
Showed a pre-to-post-increase in the need for affiliation and a decrease in the need for power
An increase in S-IgA, indicating improved immune functioning. This remained for an hour later, following the writing task
What is this evidence for?
Evidence for protective effects of the need for affiliation
151
What is evidence for protective effects of the need for affiliation?
Mother Theresa film:
Showed a pre-to-post-increase in the need for affiliation and a decrease in the need for power
An increase in S-IgA, indicating improved immune functioning. This remained for an hour later, following the writing task
152
True or False?
There was no overall effect of change in the need for power in terms of S-IgA
True
153
There was no overall effect of change in the need for power in terms of S-IgA
But there was a sub-group that did show a reduction in S-IgA after the WWII documentary
Who were they?
Inhibited power motive syndrome group
(high in need for power; low in need for affiliation; high in inhibition)
154
People with high in need for power; low in need for affiliation; high in inhibition
This is known as...?
Inhibited power motive syndrome
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There was no overall effect of change in the need for power in terms of S-IgA
But there was a sub-group that did show a reduction in S-IgA after the WWII documentary
What does this suggest?
Suggests the effect might be there but only limited to this particular group of people who are most sensitive to the need for power
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What is Inhibited power motive syndrome
People with high in need for power; low in need for affiliation; high in inhibition
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Based on the results of McClelland & Kirshnit's (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive, there was no link between the reactive increase in ___ and ___
S-IgA and illness history
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What was one limitation of McClelland & Kirshnit's (1988) study on how people responded when primed with stimuli that aroused the affiliation motive?
The study did not report baseline levels of each need which would have made it a stronger test of any beneficial or detrimental effects on health of each level of need particularly
