Mood

Question 1

unipolar depression

Answer 1

Most people with a mood disorder
experience only depression
– This pattern is called unipolar depression
* Person has no history of mania
* Mood returns to normal when
depression lifts

Question 2

bipolar disorder

Answer 2

experience periods of mania
that alternate with periods of
depression

Question 3

unipolar mania

Answer 3

people suffer from mania only – but
this pattern is uncommon

Question 4

Mood states are pathological
when

Answer 4

they do not make sense
within the context or
circumstances of a person’s life

Question 5

individuals with bipolar disorder
tend to experience

Answer 5

depression
more than mania over the years (3x as often)

Question 6

Emotional symptoms of mania

Answer 6

Active, powerful
emotions in search of
outlet

Question 7

Motivational symptoms of mania

Answer 7

Need for constant
excitement,
involvement,
companionship

Question 8

Behavioural symptoms of mania

Answer 8

Very active – move quickly;
talk loudly or rapidly
– Flamboyance is not
uncommon

Question 9

Cognitive symptoms of mania

Answer 9

Show poor judgment or
planning
– Especially prone to poor (or
no) planning

Question 10

Physical symptoms of mania

Answer 10

High energy level – often in
the presence of little or no
rest

Question 11

onset age of bipolar disorders

Answer 11

between 15 and 44

Question 12

kindling hypothesis

Answer 12

once a depression has already been
experienced, it takes less
stress to induce a subsequent
recurrence

Question 13

% of those with mdd that experience another episode

Answer 13

about 80%

Question 14

Biological theories for bipolar disorder

Answer 14

Neuroendocrine System
-HPA axis may play a role in depression
◦ levels of cortisol in depressed patients
-Disorders of thyroid function are often
seen in bipolar patients
◦ Thyroid hormones can induce mania
-Right hemisphere dysfunction

Question 15

sleep related causes for bipolar disorder

Answer 15

-REM starts sooner after falling asleep
in depressed people
-Depressed experience more intense
REM activity
-Slow wave (deep) sleep occurs later
-Disturbed sleep

Question 16

Mood Disorders: Social
FactorsF

Answer 16

Life events, Lack of social support, Interpersonal Difficulties, Behavior of depressed people
often leads to rejection by
others

Question 17

Interpersonal Theory of
Depression

Answer 17

Sparse social networks that
provide little support
-the lower a persons ability to handle negative life events, the higher risk they are for depression

Question 18

Attachment theory for depression

Answer 18

Parental separation and
disruption of an attachment
bond are predisposing
factors for depression

Question 19

Behavioural theory of depression

Answer 19

Emphasizes the importance
of learning, environmental
consequences, and skills and
deficits in the onset and
maintenance of depression
Depression is related to a
lack of response-contingent
positive reinforcement

Question 20

likelihood of unipolar depression comparison men-women

Answer 20

women are twice as likely to experience severe unipolar depression

Question 21

recovery rate for unipolar depression

Answer 21

50% recover within a week, 90% recover within a year

Question 22

Why are women more likely to experience MDD

Answer 22

sexual abuse, chronic stressors, body image, react more intensely to interpersonal loss, spend more time ruminating

Question 23

Cause of mood disorders: integrative theory

Answer 23

Depression, anxiety, mania caused by
an interaction of:
◦ Biological vulnerability genetically
determined
◦ Psychological vulnerability
◦ Stressful life events
◦ Hormonal imbalances and social causes

Question 24

abnormal brain structure in people with bipolar disorder

Answer 24

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 25

Phases of Beck's cognitive theory for unipolar depression

Answer 25

1. Increasing activities and elevating mood 2. Challenging automatic thoughts 3. Identifying negative thinking and biases 4. Changing primary attitudes

Question 26

Interpersonal therapy (IPT) for unipolar depression

Answer 26

This model holds that four interpersonal problems may lead to depression and must be addressed: - Interpersonal loss - Interpersonal role dispute - Interpersonal role transition - Interpersonal deficits

Question 27

The main type of couple therapy

Answer 27

behavioural marital therapy (Focus is on developing specific communication and problem-solving skills)

Question 28

Antidepressant drugs

Answer 28

MAO inhibitors -potentially pose a serious danger -Blood pressure may rise to a potentially fatal level if one eats foods with tyramine (cheese, bananas, wine) while taking MAOIs

Question 29

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 29

Frequently used, fast & effective, procedure consists of targeted electrical stimulation to cause a brain seizure, 6-12 sessions over 2-4 weeks

Question 30

Second-generation antidepressant drugs

Answer 30

- Clinicians often prefer these drugs because it is harder to overdose on them than on other kinds of antidepressants - There are no dietary restrictions like there are with MAO inhibitors - They have fewer side effects than the tricyclics

Question 31

psychotherapy & bipolar disorders

Answer 31

Psychotherapy alone is rarely helpful for persons with bipolar disorder