Moral philosophy - 25 mark Qs

Question 1

Explain how Aristotelian virtue ethics might be applied to the issue of simulated killing

Answer 1

1. Argument
   - Virtue ethics emphasises habituation: repeatedly performing virtuous acts cultivates virtue
   - Simulated killing may promote vices, moral character is shaped by what we choose to enjoy
2. Response
   - Aristotle recognises that context matters: not all actions have fixed moral values
   - Games might serve as emotional release/social - doesn’t necessarily reflect one’s character
3. Counter-response
   - May damage one’s character dispositions
   - Might desensitise individuals
   - Sustained enjoyment of vice-like activities risk character corruption

Question 2

Explain Bentham’s utilitarianism and explain how Nozick’s experience machine challenges this view

Answer 2

1. Argument (Bentham)
   - Principle of utility
   - Utility calculus
   - All pleasures are equal in kind - mental vs physical have no inherent difference
2. Response
   - The pleasure machine thought experiment
   - We value authenticity, relationships
   - Shows that pleasure is not the only good
3. Counter-response
   - Long-term dissatisfaction/boredom
   - Others may decide to use the machine
   - Unrealistic thought experiment

Question 3

Explain Aristotle’s view on how we develop moral character and how this is challenged by the issue of circularity in his definition of ‘virtuous acts’

Answer 3

1. Argument (Aristotle)
   - We become virtuous by doing virtuous actions repeatedly
   - A virtuous act is done knowingly (1), for its own sake (2), and from a stable, virtuous disposition (3)
   - This forms ethos - trait towards the mean of extremes/deficiencies
2. Response
   - This is circular
   - How can a non-virtuous person start doing virtuous acts?
3. Counter-response
   - Distinction of acting virtuously/acting in accordance with virtue
   - The process is developmental - one has to learn

Question 4

Explain hedonistic utilitarianism and explain the criticism that it ignores the moral integrity of the individual

Answer 4

1. Argument
   - Bentham and Mill: pleasure is the sole intrinsic good
   - The right action is the one producing the greatest happiness for the greatest number
   - Actions are judged solely by outcomes
2. Response
   - Reduces moral agents to ‘utility calculators’
3. Counter-response
   - Moral integrity is one of the many factors contributing to utility
   - The theory acknowledges the discomfort but argues that moral decision-making requires impartiality (even at personal cost)
   - Respecting integrity may indirectly produce greater happiness

Question 5

Explain how Kant’s deontological approach to ethics might be applied to the issue of stealing

Answer 5

1. Argument
   - Stealing fails the universalisation test
   - It treats others as a mean to an end
   - Morality must be grounded in reason and respect
2. Response
   - Some may argue context matters: stealing to save a life?
   - Strict adherence to rules may lead to morally troubling outcomes
   - Kant’s theory appears overly rigid and disconnected from human needs
3. Counter-response
   - Kant would still reject stealing, but consider if there is a higher moral duty
   - If duties conflict, the higher-order duty may override
   - Stealing remains wrong in principle