More biological molecules

Question 1

what are the differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 1

• RNA- ❌ thymine, ✔️uracil
• RNA- ribose sugar
• DNA- deoxyribose sugar
• RNA- short
• DNA-long

Question 2

what is the monomer of DNA and RNA

Answer 2

nucleotide

Question 3

what is a nucleotide made of

Answer 3

pentose sugar
nitrogenous base
phosphate group

Question 4

what bonds are between nucleotides and where

Answer 4

• phosphodiester bond

- (N1) Phosphate + Sugar (N2)

Question 5

what is the role of DNA

Answer 5

holes genetic information
controls cell’s activities
allows for production of mRNA

Question 6

what is the structure of DNA

Answer 6

double helix
of two polynucleotide chains
which are anti-parallel

Question 7

how are the two polynucleotide strands held together

Answer 7

by hydrogen bonds
between the complementary base pairs
A-T = 2 hydrogen bonds
G-C= 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 8

what is the role of RNA

Answer 8

transfers genetic info from DNA 👉 Ribosomes

Question 9

what is the structure of RNA

Answer 9

single polynucleotide chain

Question 10

what is semi-conservative replication

Answer 10

new DNA molecule contains: one strand from original DNA, one new strand

Question 11

how does DNA replication take place

Answer 11

DNA unwinds 
original strands act as templates
complementary base pairing
condensation reaction joins nucleotides together
reaction catalysed by DNA polymerase

Question 12

how does the double helix unwind

Answer 12

DNA helicase
breaks hydrogen bonds
between complementary bases

Question 13

how does complementary base pairing work

Answer 13

new DNA nucleotides

attracted to exposed bases on original strand

Question 14

how are the nucleotides joined together

Answer 14

hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

Question 15

what does DNA polymerase do

Answer 15

active site is complementary to
3’ to 5’ end of new strand
nucleotide added to 3’ side

Question 16

why was it doubted that DNA carried the genetic code

Answer 16

due to DNA’s relatively simple composition

Question 17

the double-helix was discovered by

Answer 17

Watson and Crick

Question 18

what bases are in DNA

Answer 18

adenine
guanine
thymine
cytosine

Question 19

what bases are in RNA

Answer 19

adenine
guanine
uracil
cytosine

Question 20

what is the full form of ATP

Answer 20

adenosine triphosphate

Question 21

what is the structure of ATP

Answer 21

adenine base
ribose
three phosphate groups

Question 22

what is a nucleotide derivative

Answer 22

modified form of nucleotide

Question 23

what does the hydrolysis of ATP provide

Answer 23

energy

Question 24

what is the process for the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 24

• ATP 👉ADP + Pi
• hydrolysis
• Phosphate bond= broken
• 👆 All catalysed by ATP hydrolase
• Inorganic phosphate= released

Question 25

what can the inorganic phosphate released be used for

Answer 25

- can be used to phosphorylate other compounds | - making them more reactive.

Question 26

where is the energy stored

Answer 26

between the second and third phosphate

Question 27

how can ATP be resynthesised

Answer 27

through a condensation reaction

Question 28

what is the process for the condensation of ADP + Pi

Answer 28

condensation reaction between ADP + Pi catalysed by ATP synthase

Question 29

where is the condensation of ADP + Pi required

Answer 29

photosynthesis | respiration

Question 30

what is the role of water in metabolic reactions

Answer 30

metabolite

Question 31

high heat capacity of water =

Answer 31

can buffer temperature change | as H bonds can absorb lots of energy

Question 32

why is high heat capacity good

Answer 32

water= more stable temp

Question 33

large latent heat of vapourisation of water=

Answer 33

provides cooling effect | little water loss through evaporation

Question 34

little water loss through evaporation because

Answer 34

- 👆 energy needed to break H bonds | - 👆 energy needed to vapourise water

Question 35

strong cohesion of water=

Answer 35

- Supports columns of water in tube-like transport (xylem) | - provides surface tension when in contact with air

Question 36

where do inorganic ions occur

Answer 36

in solution in cytoplasm | in body fluids of organisms

Question 37

what charges can an inorganic ion have

Answer 37

- ➕ cation | - ➖ anion

Question 38

what does a specific role do + how is it decided ?

Answer 38

depends on concentration | depends on properties

Question 39

what are Iron ions part of

Answer 39

haemoglobin

Question 40

what is the role of Iron ions

Answer 40

binds to 02 | Fe3 till 02 is released

Question 41

how do hydrogen ions carry out their role

Answer 41

👆 H+ 👇 pH = more acidic

Question 42

what is the role of sodium ions

Answer 42

co-transport of amino acids and glucose

Question 43

phosphate ions are components of

Answer 43

DNA | ATP

Question 44

what is the role of phosphate ions in DNA

Answer 44

allows nucleotides to join | through phosphodiester bonds

Question 45

what is the role of phosphate ions in ATP

Answer 45

bonds between phosphate ions stores energy